Author name: nusratjahan

ToThe Principal[Name of the Madrasah][Address] Subject: An application for increasing library facilities. Sir, We, the students of your madrasah, would like to draw your kind attention to the inadequate library facilities of our institution. Although our madrasah has a library, the existing facilities are not sufficient to meet the academic needs of the students. The library has a limited collection of books, particularly reference books, textbooks, literary works, journals, newspapers, and other supplementary materials. Moreover, the number of reading tables, chairs, and other necessary facilities is inadequate. A well-equipped library is an essential part of an educational institution. It enables students to broaden their knowledge, develop the habit of reading, and enrich their academic skills. Therefore, improving the library facilities is essential for creating a more effective learning environment. We, therefore, earnestly request you to take necessary steps to increase the number and variety of books, subscribe to important newspapers and journals, and provide adequate seating and other modern facilities in the library. We shall remain highly grateful to you for your kind consideration and prompt action. Yours obediently,The students of[Name of the Madrasah] Subject: An application for increasing facilities in the common room. Sir, We, the students of your madrasah, would like to draw your kind attention to the inadequate facilities in our common room. Although our madrasah has a common room, its existing facilities are not sufficient for the students. There are not enough chairs, tables, newspapers, magazines, indoor games, and other necessary facilities. As a result, the students cannot spend their leisure time in a meaningful and refreshing way. A well-equipped common room is an important part of an educational institution. It provides students with an opportunity to relax, exchange views, read newspapers and magazines, and develop their social and recreational skills. We, therefore, earnestly request you to take necessary steps to increase the facilities in the common room. We hope that you will kindly consider our request and take prompt action in this regard. We shall remain highly grateful to you for your kind consideration. Subject: An application for introducing a sound system in large classes. Sir, We, the students of your madrasah, would like to draw your kind attention to the difficulties we face in attending classes in large classrooms. As the number of students in some classes is quite large, it is often difficult for students sitting at the back to hear the lectures clearly. Consequently, they fail to follow the lessons properly, which affects their academic performance.In this situation, the introduction of a sound system in large classes would be highly beneficial. It would enable every student to hear the teacher clearly and participate more effectively in the lessons. It would also make the teaching and learning process more efficient and comfortable. We, therefore, earnestly request you to take necessary steps to install suitable sound systems in the large classrooms of our madrasah. We shall remain highly grateful to you for your kind consideration and prompt action. Subject: An application for seeking permission to organize an English Debate Club. Sir, We, the students of your madrasah, have the honour to state that we are interested in developing our English language skills, particularly our speaking, reasoning, and public-speaking abilities. Unfortunately, there is no English Debate Club in our madrasah where students can regularly practise these skills.Debating is an effective way of improving students’ communication skills, confidence, logical thinking, and ability to express opinions clearly. An English Debate Club would also encourage students to use English in practical situations and develop their leadership qualities. We, therefore, earnestly request you to grant us permission to organize an English Debate Club in our madrasah under the guidance of a suitable teacher. We assure you that we will maintain discipline and conduct all activities in accordance with the rules of the institution. We shall remain highly grateful to you for your kind consideration and permission. Subject: An application for seeking permission to go on a study tour. Sir, We, the students of your madrasah, have the honour to state that we are interested in going on a study tour to a place of educational importance. We believe that such a tour would provide us with an opportunity to gain practical knowledge beyond the limits of our textbooks. It would also help us refresh our minds, develop mutual understanding, and enrich our overall learning experience.We have planned to visit [name of the place] with the guidance of some teachers. We will maintain discipline and strictly follow the instructions of our teachers throughout the tour. We are also ready to bear the necessary expenses of the journey. We, therefore, earnestly request you to grant us permission to organize the study tour and kindly make the necessary arrangements for it. We shall remain highly grateful to you for your kind consideration and permission. Subject: An application for a transfer certificate. Sir, I beg most respectfully to state that I am a student of [Class/Department] of your madrasah. My father has recently been transferred to [new place] due to his official duties. As a result, my family is going to move there permanently. Under these circumstances, it will not be possible for me to continue my studies at this institution.I have always been grateful for the guidance and support I have received from the teachers of this madrasah. I have also tried my best to maintain discipline and perform well in my studies during my stay here. I, therefore, request you to kindly issue me a Transfer Certificate (TC) so that I may continue my studies at another educational institution without any difficulty. I shall remain highly grateful to you for your kind consideration and cooperation. Subject: An application for setting up an English Language Club. Sir, We, the students of your madrasah, would like to draw your kind attention to the necessity of setting up an English Language Club in our institution. English is an international language and plays a vital role in higher education, professional life, and communication. However,

Road Mishap Claims Lives Staff ReporterDhaka, 26 September 2026 A tragic road accident occurred on the Dhaka–Chattogram highway near Cumilla on Friday morning, leaving several people injured and causing the death of two passengers. According to eyewitnesses, the accident took place at around 9:00 am when a speeding bus collided head-on with a passenger microbus. The impact was so severe that both vehicles were badly damaged. Local people rushed to the spot and rescued the injured passengers. The injured were immediately taken to a nearby hospital. Two passengers died while receiving treatment. Several others sustained serious injuries and were admitted to the hospital. The police arrived at the scene and took control of the situation. The accident caused a long traffic jam on the highway for some time. The police are investigating the exact cause of the accident. Local people alleged that reckless driving, excessive speed and careless overtaking are common causes of road accidents in the area. They urged the authorities to enforce traffic rules strictly and take effective measures to prevent such accidents. The tragic incident has caused deep sorrow among the local people and once again highlighted the need for greater road safety awareness. 2] Report on Freshers’ Reception in Our Madrasah Staff ReporterCumilla, 20 September 2026 A freshers’ reception was held at our madrasah on 18 September with great enthusiasm and festivity. The programme was organised by the senior students to welcome the newly admitted students to the madrasah. The programme began at 10:00 am with the recitation of the Holy Quran. The Principal of the madrasah presided over the অনুষ্ঠানে, while distinguished teachers and guests were present. The chief guest welcomed the freshers and advised them to be sincere, disciplined and attentive to their studies. Other teachers also delivered valuable speeches and encouraged the new students to participate actively in academic and co-curricular activities. A colourful cultural programme was arranged after the discussion session. Students presented Islamic songs, poems, speeches and other performances. The freshers expressed their feelings and thanked the teachers and senior students for their warm welcome. The programme ended with a prayer for the success and bright future of the freshers. The reception created a friendly atmosphere and strengthened the bond between the new students, senior students and teachers. 3] Fire Mishap in Our Locality Staff ReporterCumilla, 20 September 2026 A devastating fire broke out at a local market in our locality on Friday afternoon, causing extensive damage to several shops. The fire originated from an electrical short circuit in one of the shops at around 3:30 pm. Soon, the flames spread rapidly to the neighbouring shops. Local people rushed to the spot and tried to control the fire. On receiving the news, several units of the Fire Service and Civil Defence arrived at the scene and brought the fire under control after nearly two hours of frantic efforts. Several shops were completely burnt down, and a large quantity of goods was destroyed. Fortunately, no death was reported, although a few people sustained minor injuries while trying to escape. The exact amount of financial loss could not be estimated immediately. Local residents alleged that the fire spread quickly because of the narrow roads and lack of adequate fire-safety measures in the market. The authorities have started an investigation to determine the exact cause of the fire. The incident has created panic among the local people. They have urged the authorities to take effective measures to prevent such accidents in the future. 4] Outbreak of Dengue Fever Staff ReporterDhaka, 20 September 2026 A serious outbreak of dengue fever has recently occurred in different parts of the city. The number of dengue patients has increased rapidly, causing concern among the people. Hospitals and clinics are receiving a large number of patients every day. According to health officials, stagnant water in drains, discarded containers, flowerpots and construction sites has created favourable breeding grounds for Aedes mosquitoes, which transmit dengue fever. The situation becomes worse during the rainy season. The authorities have taken several measures to control the outbreak. City corporations are conducting mosquito-control drives and spraying insecticides in affected areas. Public awareness campaigns have also been launched to encourage people to keep their surroundings clean and remove stagnant water. Doctors have advised people to use mosquito nets and repellents and to consult a doctor if they develop symptoms such as high fever, severe headache, body pain, vomiting or unusual bleeding. The outbreak has created fear among the residents. Experts have stressed that effective mosquito control, proper waste management and public awareness are essential to prevent the further spread of dengue. 5] Tree Plantation Programme Held Staff ReporterCumilla, 20 September 2026 A tree plantation programme was held at our madrasah premises on Saturday with great enthusiasm. The programme was organised by the students and teachers of the madrasah to create awareness among the students about the importance of trees and environmental protection. The programme began at 10:00 am. The Principal of the madrasah inaugurated the programme by planting a sapling on the campus. A large number of teachers, students and local people participated in the programme. Different kinds of fruit, medicinal and timber trees were planted around the madrasah and along the nearby roads. In his speech, the Principal highlighted the importance of trees in maintaining ecological balance. He said that trees provide us with oxygen, fruits, wood and shade and help reduce environmental pollution. He also urged the students to take care of the newly planted trees. The participants expressed their determination to plant more trees and protect the environment. The programme ended with a vote of thanks. The programme created awareness among the students and inspired them to take an active role in protecting the environment. 6] Pahela Baishakh Celebrated with Festivity Staff ReporterDhaka, 14 April 2026 Pahela Baishakh, the first day of the Bengali New Year, was celebrated across the country with great enthusiasm and traditional festivity. People from all walks of life joined various programmes to welcome the new year. In

1] Duties to Our Parents Parents are the first teachers, protectors, and well-wishers in our lives. From the moment of our birth, they devote their time, energy, and resources to ensuring our safety, education, and happiness. Their sacrifices are often made silently, without expecting anything in return. Therefore, fulfilling our duties towards our parents is not merely a social obligation; it is a moral responsibility and a profound expression of gratitude. The foremost duty of children is to respect their parents. Respect should be reflected not only in our words but also in our behaviour and attitude. We should listen to their advice patiently, speak to them politely, and avoid actions that may cause them unnecessary pain or anxiety. Even when differences of opinion arise, we should express our views with courtesy rather than arrogance. True respect does not mean blindly accepting everything; rather, it means maintaining dignity and affection even when opinions differ. Another important duty is to take care of our parents in their old age. Parents spend a significant portion of their lives caring for their children, and the natural cycle of life eventually reverses this responsibility. When they become physically weak or emotionally vulnerable, children should provide them with proper care, companionship, and emotional support. A comfortable home, adequate medical attention, and regular communication can make their later years more peaceful and meaningful. Children should also strive to become responsible and self-reliant individuals. Parents make enormous sacrifices to provide their children with education and opportunities. Therefore, studying sincerely, developing good character, and preparing oneself for a productive life are among the greatest ways of honouring their efforts. A child’s achievement is often a source of immense satisfaction for parents, while irresponsibility can become a painful burden. Furthermore, children should remain emotionally connected with their parents despite the pressures of modern life. In today’s fast-paced society, professional commitments and technological distractions can gradually create emotional distance within families. However, a short conversation, a thoughtful gesture, or simply spending quality time with parents can strengthen the bond between generations. Material gifts may provide temporary pleasure, but affection, attention, and companionship are often far more valuable. Finally, we should remember that gratitude towards parents should not be limited to special occasions. It should be expressed through our everyday conduct. We should appreciate their sacrifices, protect their dignity, and stand beside them during difficult times. Parents may not demand repayment for everything they have done, yet a grateful child understands that their love deserves to be honoured through lifelong care and respect. In conclusion, our duties to our parents are rooted in love, gratitude, responsibility, and moral values. Since parents devote a substantial part of their lives to nurturing their children, children should respond with respect, care, and sincere affection. A society that values its parents ultimately preserves its own humanity. Therefore, fulfilling our duties towards our parents is not simply a personal virtue; it is an essential foundation of a compassionate and civilized society. 2] Climate Change Climate change is one of the most pressing challenges confronting humanity in the twenty-first century. It refers to long-term changes in the Earth’s temperature and weather patterns, many of which are now being accelerated by human activities. Although climate change is a global phenomenon, its consequences are not distributed equally; vulnerable communities and developing countries often face disproportionate risks. Thus, climate change is not merely an environmental concern but also an economic, social, and humanitarian issue. The principal cause of contemporary climate change is the excessive emission of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide and methane. The widespread use of fossil fuels for electricity, transportation, and industry releases enormous quantities of these gases into the atmosphere. In addition, deforestation, industrialization, agricultural activities, and unplanned urbanization intensify the problem. As forests are destroyed, the Earth’s capacity to absorb carbon dioxide is reduced, thereby contributing further to global warming. The consequences of climate change are both extensive and alarming. Rising global temperatures contribute to the melting of glaciers and polar ice, while thermal expansion of seawater causes sea levels to rise. Consequently, coastal regions are increasingly exposed to flooding, erosion, and saltwater intrusion. Climate change can also intensify certain extreme weather events, including heatwaves, heavy rainfall, droughts, and powerful storms. Such events can damage infrastructure, destroy crops, disrupt livelihoods, and place enormous pressure on public health systems. For a densely populated and climate-vulnerable country such as Bangladesh, the issue is particularly significant. Rising sea levels threaten low-lying coastal areas, while floods, cyclones, river erosion, and salinity can affect agriculture and human settlements. People whose livelihoods depend on farming, fishing, and other climate-sensitive activities may face increasing economic uncertainty. Climate-related displacement can also place additional pressure on cities and essential public services. Nevertheless, climate change is not an insurmountable problem. Governments, industries, and individuals must work together to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions and strengthen adaptation measures. The transition towards renewable energy, energy efficiency, sustainable transportation, and responsible industrial practices can substantially reduce environmental pressure. At the same time, afforestation, wetland conservation, climate-resilient agriculture, and improved disaster-preparedness can help communities adapt to unavoidable changes. International cooperation is equally indispensable because greenhouse gases cross national borders. Wealthier countries, which have historically contributed a large share of cumulative emissions, can support developing nations through climate finance, technology transfer, and capacity building. Developing countries, meanwhile, can pursue economic growth through cleaner technologies and more sustainable development strategies. Individual citizens also have a role to play by conserving energy, reducing unnecessary consumption, protecting trees, and supporting environmentally responsible practices. In conclusion, climate change represents a profound challenge to the ecological stability and long-term prosperity of the planet. Its causes are closely connected with modern patterns of production and consumption, while its consequences extend far beyond the natural environment. What is required is not panic but informed action, international cooperation, scientific innovation, and responsible leadership. If humanity acts collectively and decisively, it can reduce the severity of climate risks and create a more resilient and sustainable future. 3] Patriotism Patriotism is one

Anti-Quota Movement 2024 in Bangladesh The Anti-Quota Movement 2024 in Bangladesh was one of the most significant student-led movements in the country’s recent history. The movement began when students from public and private universities demanded reforms to the quota system in government jobs. They argued that excessive quotas reduced opportunities for qualified candidates who wished to compete on the basis of merit. Their primary demand was to establish a fair, transparent, and merit-based recruitment system while retaining necessary quotas for disadvantaged groups.Thousands of students participated in peaceful demonstrations, human chains, rallies, and marches across the country. As the protests expanded, tensions increased between demonstrators and law enforcement agencies. In several places, violent clashes occurred, resulting in injuries, arrests, and the tragic loss of many lives. These events deeply shocked the nation and attracted widespread attention both nationally and internationally.Gradually, the quota reform movement evolved into a broader anti-government movement. As the situation intensified, demands for the resignation of the government also emerged. On 5 August 2024, Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina resigned and left the country amid the mass uprising. Consequently, the long-standing Awami League government fell, marking a significant turning point in Bangladesh’s contemporary political history. Subsequently, an interim government was formed to oversee the country during the transitional period.The movement also sparked an important national debate about equality, justice, human rights, freedom of expression, accountability, and the role of young people in a democratic society. It demonstrated the determination of students to raise their voices on issues they considered vital to the future of the nation.In conclusion, the Anti-Quota Movement of 2024 will be remembered as a landmark event in Bangladesh’s history. What began as a demand for reform of the quota system eventually developed into a broader mass movement that brought about a major political transition. It highlighted the courage, unity, and aspirations of the younger generation for fairness, accountability, and democratic governance. Book Fair A book fair is one of the most exciting cultural events for readers, writers, and publishers. It is a place where people can explore a wide variety of books, discover new authors, and develop a love for reading. In Bangladesh, the most famous book fair is the Amar Ekushey Book Fair, which is held every February in memory of the Language Movement of 1952. Thousands of visitors attend the fair every day to buy books and participate in cultural programs.A book fair offers books on literature, science, history, religion, technology, children’s stories, and many other subjects. Publishers display their latest publications, while authors often meet readers, sign books, and discuss their works. Visitors can enjoy seminars, poetry recitations, book launches, and literary discussions, making the fair both educational and entertaining.Book fairs play a vital role in promoting reading habits and spreading knowledge. They encourage young people to read more, think critically, and expand their understanding of the world. Moreover, they provide an opportunity for writers and publishers to present their work to a large audience.In conclusion, a book fair is much more than a marketplace for books. It is a celebration of knowledge, culture, and creativity. Every student should visit a book fair because it inspires a lifelong love of reading and learning. A society that values books and education is more likely to achieve progress, innovation, and intellectual growth. Gen Z Courage: A Fight for Democracy Generation Z has emerged as a formidable force in the pursuit of democracy, justice, and institutional accountability. In Bangladesh, the youth-led movement of 2024 underscored the unwavering determination of a generation committed to safeguarding democratic principles and advocating for meaningful reform. Their resilience, solidarity, and civic consciousness transformed them into a powerful voice in the national discourse. Driven by a profound commitment to equity and transparency, students organized demonstrations, public gatherings, and digital campaigns to articulate their demands. Despite uncertainty and significant challenges, they remained steadfast in their conviction that merit, justice, and fundamental rights should constitute the cornerstone of a democratic society. Their movement highlighted the indispensable values of freedom of expression, the rule of law, and equal opportunity. Beyond public demonstrations, Generation Z harnessed the transformative power of social media to disseminate information, mobilize support, and foster civic engagement. Their ability to unite diverse communities reflected exceptional leadership, strategic coordination, and an enduring commitment to peaceful advocacy. The movement ignited nationwide discussions concerning governance, accountability, and democratic reform while emphasizing the necessity of constructive dialogue. The courage displayed by Gen Z transcended political boundaries and became a symbol of resilience and hope. It illustrated that an informed, principled, and courageous youth population can profoundly influence the trajectory of a nation. Their collective actions reaffirmed that democracy flourishes when citizens actively participate in public affairs and uphold constitutional values through peaceful means. In conclusion, the courage of Generation Z will be remembered as a defining testament to the enduring quest for democracy and justice. Their unwavering perseverance, moral fortitude, and visionary leadership have inspired future generations to champion freedom, uphold human dignity, and contribute responsibly to the development of a more democratic, inclusive, and equitable society.heir participation demonstrated the power of youth in promoting dialogue, civic responsibility, and the pursuit of a more just and democratic society. The Interim Government of Bangladesh The Interim Government of Bangladesh was formed in 2024 following a period of significant political unrest and nationwide protests. It was established with the primary objective of restoring stability, maintaining law and order, and rebuilding public confidence in state institutions. The government assumed responsibility during a transitional period with the aim of ensuring effective administration and creating conditions for a peaceful political process.One of the major priorities of the interim government has been to strengthen governance, uphold the rule of law, and promote transparency and accountability in public administration. It has also focused on economic stability, controlling inflation, improving public services, and protecting the rights and welfare of citizens. In addition, the government has emphasized institutional reforms and the importance of conducting credible and inclusive elections in accordance with the Constitution and

1. Wit, like all other things, subject by their nature to the choice of man, has its changes and fashions, and, at different times, takes different forms. 2. Sublimity is protected by aggregation and hit consist dispersion. ★★★ 3. To love excellence is natural, it is natural likewise for the love to solicit reciprocal regard by an elaborate display of his ow qualifications. ★★★ 4. The most heterogeneous ideas are yoked by violence together.★★★ 1. Wit, like all other things, subject by their nature to the choice of man, has its changes and fashions, and, at different times, takes different forms. Explanation The given line is taken from Samuel Johnson’s The Life of Cowley. Here Johnson explains the changing nature of wit. By “wit,” he means cleverness, intellectual ability, and the power to express ideas in an ingenious or striking manner. Johnson says that wit is not fixed or permanent. It is influenced by the choice, taste, and fashion of people. Therefore, what is considered witty and impressive in one age may not be appreciated in another. In different periods, wit appears in different forms according to the literary taste of the time.Johnson makes this observation while discussing Abraham Cowley and the metaphysical poets. Their poetry was once admired for its learning, intellectual cleverness, unusual comparisons, and elaborate conceits. However, literary taste later changed, and this kind of complicated wit became less popular. Readers began to prefer greater clarity, simplicity, order, and natural expression.Thus, Johnson means that literary taste is changeable, and the form of wit changes with the fashions of different ages. The line also helps us understand why Cowley, who was highly admired in his own time, later suffered a decline in popularity.In short, Johnson’s point is that wit is not permanent; it changes its form according to the taste and fashion of different periods. 2. Sublimity is protected by aggregation and hit consist dispersion. ★★★ Explanation The given lines are taken from Samuel Johnson’s The Life of Cowley. Here Johnson explains what makes poetry great and sublime.By “sublimity,” Johnson means greatness, grandeur, and power of thought. He says that “sublimity is produced by aggregation”, meaning that great poetry brings together broad and important ideas. Such ideas have a wide significance and can be understood by many people.On the other hand, “littleness is produced by dispersion.” “Dispersion” means scattering attention among many small and unimportant details. When a poet concentrates too much on minute details, the poetry loses its grandeur and becomes trivial.Johnson therefore says that “great thoughts are always general.” Great poetry should express universal ideas and truths rather than being limited to narrow or highly specific matters. It should not “descend to minuteness,” that is, it should not become unnecessarily concerned with tiny details.This statement is also connected with Johnson’s criticism of the Metaphysical Poets, especially Cowley. Johnson appreciates their learning and cleverness, but he feels that their excessive use of complicated conceits and particular details often prevents their poetry from achieving true sublimity.Thus, Johnson’s main idea is that great poetry should be broad, general, and universal, while excessive attention to small details produces triviality.Aggregation” creates greatness through broad and universal ideas, whereas “dispersion” creates littleness through excessive attention to minute details. 3. To love excellence is natural, it is natural likewise for the love to solicit reciprocal regard by an elaborate display of his ow qualifications. ★★★ Explanation The given line is taken from Samuel Johnson’s The Life of Cowley. In this passage, Johnson makes an observation about human nature, especially the natural desire for appreciation and recognition. By “excellence,” Johnson means great qualities, abilities, talents, or virtues. He says that it is natural for human beings to love and admire excellence. People are naturally attracted to things that are good, remarkable, or superior.Johnson then says that a person who loves excellence naturally wants “reciprocal regard.” This means that a person wishes to receive the same respect, admiration, or appreciation from others. If someone possesses or values excellent qualities, they naturally want other people to recognize and appreciate those qualities.The phrase “an elaborate display of his own qualifications” means showing or presenting one’s abilities, talents, or good qualities in an impressive and detailed manner. A person may therefore talk about or demonstrate his achievements because he wants others to notice and admire him.Thus, Johnson presents a simple truth about human behaviour: people not only admire excellence but also desire recognition for excellence in themselves. This desire for appreciation is a common feature of human social life. In short, Johnson means that the love of excellence naturally creates a desire for appreciation and respect from others. People want their abilities and virtues to be recognized, and therefore they often make an elaborate display of their qualifications. The quotation reveals Johnson’s keen understanding of human nature and the universal desire for recognition. 4. The most heterogeneous ideas are yoked by violence together.★★★ The given line is taken from Samuel Johnson’s The Life of Cowley. In this famous statement, Johnson criticizes the Metaphysical Poets for their excessive use of unusual and complicated comparisons. By “heterogeneous ideas,” Johnson means ideas that are very different from one another and do not naturally belong together. The Metaphysical Poets often brought such distant ideas together in their poetry through clever comparisons called conceits.The phrase “yoked by violence together” means that these different ideas are joined forcefully and unnaturally. According to Johnson, the poets strain their imagination to create connections between things that have little natural relationship. As a result, their poetry may appear clever and surprising but sometimes lacks naturalness and smoothness.Johnson acknowledges the learning, wit, and intellectual ability of the Metaphysical Poets. However, he believes that they sometimes use their intelligence merely to display their cleverness. Their complicated conceits can make poetry difficult to understand and may reduce its natural beauty and emotional effect.Thus, Johnson’s criticism is that cleverness should not be achieved at the cost of natural expression. A good poetic comparison should appear convincing and appropriate rather than

Explanation 1. Wit, like all other things, subject by their nature to the choice of man, has its changes and fashions, and, at different times, takes different forms. 2. Sublimity is protected by aggregation and hit consist dispersion. ★★★ 3. To love excellence is natural, it is natural likewise for the love to solicit reciprocal regard by an elaborate display of his ow qualifications. ★★★ 4. The most heterogeneous ideas are yoked by violence together. ★★★ Short Note 1]Johnson’s style of writing ★★★ 2]Biography 3]Dr. Sprat★★★ 4]Johnson’s assessment of the metaphysical poets ★★★ 5],Cowley’s David is as an epic★★★ Essay-type Questions 01.Consider Dr. Samuel Johnson as a critic and biographer with special reference to Life of Cowley./Critically analyse Johnson’s art of writing biography. ✰★★★ 02. What are the epic qualities found in Cowley’s Davideis? Discuss. 03. Consider Samuel Johnson’s Life of Cowley as a piece of literary criticism. ★★★ 04. Critically examine Johnson’s account of the metaphysical poetry in The Life of Cowley. ★★★ 01.Consider Dr. Samuel Johnson as a critic and biographer with special reference to Life of Cowley./Critically analyse Johnson’s art of writing biography. ✰★★★ Dr. Samuel Johnson is one of the most important literary figures of eighteenth-century England. He was a distinguished writer, moralist, critic, and biographer. His great work Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets contains a series of biographies in which he combines the history of a writer’s life with a critical examination of his literary achievement. Among these, The Life of Cowley is particularly significant because it reveals Johnson’s qualities both as a biographer and as a literary critic.Johnson does not regard biography as merely a record of dates and events. He attempts to discover the character, mind, motives, achievements, and weaknesses of his subject. At the same time, he does not treat literary criticism as something completely separate from the writer’s life. He connects Cowley’s personality and experiences with his poetry. Thus, The Life of Cowley is at once a biography, a work of literary criticism, and a study of human character. Johnson as a Biographer: Search for Truth One of the greatest qualities of Johnson as a biographer is his serious concern for truth. He does not simply repeat whatever earlier writers have said about Cowley. He examines the available evidence and tries to distinguish fact from exaggeration.Johnson particularly examines the earlier account written by Dr. Sprat, who was Cowley’s friend. Because of this personal relationship, Johnson considers Sprat’s biography too favourable in certain respects. Johnson therefore does not accept it without examination. Instead, he consults other sources to establish the truth about Cowley’s life.This method shows an important development in English biography. Johnson moves biography away from mere praise, gossip, or anecdote and towards careful historical investigation. Careful Use of Evidence and Sources Johnson’s biography is supported by different kinds of evidence. He refers to Cowley’s letters, official records, church documents, court materials, theatrical records, and contemporary opinions. His use of such evidence demonstrates his desire to make his account reliable.For example, Johnson uses parish records to establish details concerning Cowley’s family background. He also refers to theatrical records while discussing Cowley’s play The Cutter of Coleman-street and the contemporary interpretation of the play as a satire upon the Royalists.Such references show Johnson’s habit of checking facts rather than depending entirely upon tradition. His biography therefore possesses both literary interest and historical value. Balanced and Fair Judgement Another important quality of Johnson’s biographical art is his fairness. He does not idealize Cowley, but neither does he deliberately attack him. He tries to consider both sides of controversial questions.Cowley’s political conduct during the English Civil War is a good example. Questions arose concerning his political loyalty, but Johnson does not hastily accuse him of betrayal. He examines the circumstances and suggests possible reasons for Cowley’s neutrality. He also points out that there is insufficient evidence to establish that Cowley betrayed the king or actively supported his opponents.This balanced method makes Johnson’s biography convincing. His subject is treated as a human being with both virtues and limitations rather than as a perfect literary hero. Biography as a Lively Narrative Although Johnson is careful with facts, his biography is not a dry historical document. His narrative is lively, engaging, and full of movement. He presents Cowley’s experiences in a manner that maintains the reader’s interest.Johnson knows how to select significant incidents from a life and arrange them effectively. He does not record every insignificant detail. Instead, he chooses events that help reveal Cowley’s personality and career. His prose possesses the energy and force of good storytelling, while his reflections give the narrative intellectual depth.Thus, Johnson succeeds in combining historical accuracy with literary attractiveness. Psychological Insight into Cowley Johnson is also an insightful student of human psychology. He is interested not only in what Cowley did but also in the nature of his mind.At the beginning of The Life of Cowley, Johnson discusses genius and the development of poetic talent. His description of Cowley becoming “irrecoverably a poet” suggests that poetry became an essential part of Cowley’s identity. Johnson attempts to explain how a person of exceptional ability becomes devoted to a particular form of intellectual activity.This psychological approach gives the biography a human dimension. Cowley is not presented simply as a name in literary history; he becomes a living personality whose character can be studied and understood. Connection between Life and Literary Works A major strength of Johnson’s method is his close relationship between biography and literary criticism. He believes that understanding a writer’s life can help readers understand his writings.In The Life of Cowley, Johnson discusses Cowley’s education, scholarship, political experiences, intellectual habits, and poetic career. He then examines his poems and other literary works. This allows Johnson to show how Cowley’s personality and learning influenced his literary style.Therefore, Johnson’s biography is not simply about Cowley’s private life. It is also about the development of Cowley as a writer. Johnson as a Literary Critic Johnson’s second major role in The Life

On Anacreon continuing a lover in his old age:Love was with thy life, entwin’d, Close as heat with fire is join’d, A powerful brand prescrib’d the date Of thine, like Meleager’s fate, Th’ antiperistasis of age More enflam’d thy amorous rage2.In the following verses we have an allusion to a Rabbinical opinion concerning Manna:Variety I ask not: give me one To live perpetually upon. The person Love does to us fit, Like manna, has the taste of all in it”.Thus Donne shews his medicinal knowledge in some encomiastick verses:In everything there naturally grows A Balsamum to keep it fresh and new, If ’twere not injur’d by extrinsique blows; Your youth and beauty are this balm in you. But you, of learning and religion, And virtue and such ingredients, have made A mithridate, whose operation Keeps off, or cures what can be done or said.Though the following lines of Donne, on the last night of the year, have something in them too scholastick, they are not inelegant:This twilight of two years, not past nor next, Some emblem is of me, or I of this, Who, meteor-like, of stuff and form perplext, Whose what and where, in disputation is, If I should call me anything, should miss.I sum the years and me, and find me not Debtor to th’ old, nor creditor to th’ new, That cannot say, my thanks I have forgot, Nor trust I this with hopes; and yet scarce true This bravery is, since these times shew’d me you’s. Yet more abstruse and profound is Donine’s reflection upon Man as a Microcosm:If men be worlds, there is in everyone Something to answer in some proportion All the world’s riches: and in good men, this Virtue our form’s form, and our soul’s soul is.Of thoughts so far-fetched, as to be not only unexpected, but unnatural, all their books are full.To a lady, who wrote poesies for rings.They, who above do various circles find, Say, like a ring th’ æquator heaven does bind. When heaven shall be adorn’d by thee (Which then more heaven than ’tis, will be,) ‘Tis thou must write the poesy there, For it wanteth one as yet,Though the sun pass through ‘t twice a year, The sun, which is esteem’d the god of wit”.The difficulties which have been raised about identity in philosophy, are by Cowley with still more perplexity applied to Love:Five years ago (says story) I lov’d you, For which you call me most inconstant now; Pardon me, madam, you mistake the man; For I am not the same that I was then; No flesh is now the same ’twas then in me, And that my mind is chang’d yourself may see.The same thoughts to retain still, and intents, Were more inconstant far; for accidents Must of all things most strangely inconstant I  from one subject they t’ another move: My members then, the father members were From whence these take their birth, which now are here. If then this body love what th’ other did, ‘Twere incest, which by nature is forbid The love of different women is, in geographical poetry, compared to travels through different countries: Hast thou not found, each woman’s breast (The land where thou hast travelled) Either by savages possest, Or wild, and uninhabited? What joy could’st take, or what repose, In countries so uncivilis’d as those? Lust, the scorching dog star, here Rages with immoderate heat; Whilst Pride, the rugged Northern Bear, In others makes the cold too great. And where these are temperate known, The soil’s all barren sand, or rocky stone”. A lover, burnt up by his affection, is com-pared to Egypt: The fate of Egypt I sustain, And never feel the dew of rain, From clouds which in the head appear; But all my too much moisture owe To overflowings of the heart below. The lover supposes his lady acquainted with the ancient laws of augury and rites of sacrifice: And yet this death of mine, I fear, Will ominous to her appear: When sound in every other part, Her sacrifice is found without an heart. For the last tempest of my death Shall sigh out that too, with my breath”. That the chaos was harmonised has been re-cited of old; but whence the different sounds arose, remained for a modern to discover: Th’ ungovern’d parts no correspondent knew, An artless war from thwarting motions grew; Till they to number and fixt rules were brought. Water and air be for the Tenor chose, Earth made the Base, the Treble flame arose*2. The tears of lovers are always of great poeti-cal account; but Donne has extended them into worlds. If the lines are not easily understood, they may be read again.SAMUEL JOHNSON On a round ball A workman, that hath copies by, can lay An Europe, Africa, and an Asia, And quickly make that, which was nothing, all. So doth each tear, Which thee doth wear, A globe, yea world, by that impression grow, Till thy tears mixt with mine do overflow This world, by waters sent from thee my heaven dissolved so 43. On reading the following lines, the reader may perhaps cry out-Confusion worse confounded Here lies a she sun, and a he moon there, She gives the best light to his sphere, Or each is both, and all, and so They unto one another nothing owe*4. Who but Donne would have thought that a good man is a telescope? Though God be our true glass, through which we see All, since the being of all things is he, Yet are the trunks, which do to us derive Things, in proportion fit, by perspective Deeds of good men; for by their living here, Virtues, indeed remote, seem to be near’s Who would imagine it possible that in a very few lines so many remote ideas could be brought together? Since ’tis my doom, Love’s undershrieve, Why this reprieve? Why doth my She Advowson fly Incumbency? To sell thyself dost thou intend By candle’s end