Author name: nusratjahan

BY EDMUND BURKE main text: There was no great reason to apprehend that soldiers ill paid, that soldiers who thought they had been defrauded of their plunder on former services of the same kind, would not have been sufficiently attentive to the spoil they were expressly come for; but the gallantry and generosity of the profession was justly suspected, as being likely to set bounds to military rapaciousness. The Company’s first civil magistrate discovered the greatest uneasiness lest the women should have anything preserved to them. Terms, tending to put some restraint on military violence were granted. He writes a letter to Mr. Popham, referring to some letter written before to the same effect, which I do not remember to have seen; but it shews his anxiety on this subject. Hear himself:–“I think every demand she has made on you, except that of safety and respect to her person, is unreasonable. If the reports brought to me are true, your rejecting her offers, or any negotiation, would soon obtain you the fort upon your own terms. I apprehend she will attempt to_defraud the captors of a considerable part of their booty, by being suffered to retire without examination. But this is your concern, not mine. I should be very sorry that your officers and soldiers lost_any_ part of the reward to which they Burke’s Speech on East India Bill are so well entitled; but you must be the best judge of the promised indulgence to the Ranny: what you have engaged for I will certainly ratify; but as to suffering the Ranny to hold the purgunna of Hurlich, or any other Zemindary, without being subject to the authority of the Zemindar, or any lands whatsoever or indeed making_any_ condition with her for a _provision_ I will_never consent_.” Here your Governor stimulates a rapacious and licentious soldiery to the personal search of women, lest these unhappy creatures should avail themselves of the protection of their sex to secure any supply for their necessities; and he positively orders that no stipulation should be made for any provision for them. The widow and mother of a prince, well informed of her miserable situation, and the cause of it, a woman of this rank became a suppliant to the domestic servant of Mr. Hastings (they are his own words that I read); ‘imploring his intercession’ that she may be relieved from the hardships and dangers of her present situation; and offering to surrender the fort, and the_treasure and valuable effects_contained in it, provided she can be assured_of safety and protection to her person and honour and to that of her family and attendants.” He is so good as to consent to this, provided she surrenders everything of value, with the reserve_only_ of such articles as _you_shall think necessary to her condition, or as you yourself_shall be disposed to indulge her with. –But should she _my refuse to execute the promise she has made, or delay it beyond the term of twenty-four hours, it is positive injunction, that you immediately put a stop to any further intercourse or negotiation with her, and on no pretext renew it. If she disappoints or_trifles with me, after I have subjected_my Duan_105 to the disgrace of returning ineffectually, and of course myself to discredit, I shall consider it as a _wanton_ affront and indignity_which I can never forgive; nor will I grant her_any_conditions whatever, but leave her exposed to those_dangers which she has chosen to riskque, rather than trust to the clemency and generosity of our government. I think she cannot be ignorant of these consequences, and will not venture to incur them; and it is for this reason I place a dependence on her offers, and have consented to send my Duan to her.” The dreadful secret hinted at by the merciful governor in the latter part of the letter, is well understood in India; where those who suffer corporeal indignities, generally expiate the offences of others with their own blood. However, in spite of all these, the temper of the military did, some way or other, operate. They came to terms which have never been transmitted. It appears that a fifteenth per cent of the plunder was reserved to the captives, of which the unhappy mother of the prince of Benares was to have a share. This ancient matron, born to better things La laugh from certain young gentlemen]_–I seeno cause for this mirth. A good author of antiquity reckons among the calamities of his time “nobilissimarum faeminarum exilia et fugas. “106 I say, Sir, this ancient lady was compelled to quit her house with three hundred helpless women and a multitude of children in her train; but the lower sort in the camp it seems could not be restrained. They did not forget the good lessons of the governor general. They were unwilling “to be defrauded of a considerable part of their booty, by suffering them to pass without examination.”–They examined them, Sir, with a vengeance, and the sacred protection of that awful character, Mr. Hastings’s _maitre d’hotel, could not secure them from insult and plunder. Here is Popham’s narrative of the affair:– “The Ranny came out of the fort, with her family and dependants, the 10th at night, owing to which such attention was not paid to her as I wished; and I am exceedingly sorry to inform you, that the licentiousness of our followers was beyond the bounds of control; for, notwithstanding all 1 could do, her people were plundered on the road of most of the things which they brought out of the fort, by which means one of the articles of surrender has been much infringed. The distress I have felt upon this occasion cannot be expressed, and can only be allayed by a firm performance of the other articles of the treaty, which I shall make it my business to enforce. Traslation in Bangla There was no great reason to apprehend (এমন আশঙ্কার বিশেষ কোনো কারণ ছিল না) that soldiers

BY EDMUND BURKE main text: If ever there was a subordinate dominion pleasantly circumstanced to the superior power, it was this; a large rent or tribute, to the amount of two hundred and sixty thousand pounds a year, was paid in monthly instalments with the punctuality of a dividend at the Bank. If ever there was a prince who could not have an interest in disturbances, it was its sovereign, the Rajah Cheit Sing. He was in possession of the capital of his religion, and a willing revenue was paid by the devout people who resorted to him from all parts. His sovereignty and his independence, except his tribute, was secured by every tie. His territory was not much less than half of Ireland, and displayed in all parts a degree of cultivation, ease, and plenty, under his frugal and paternal management, which left him nothing to desire, either for honour or satisfaction. This was the light in which this country appeared to almost every eye. But Mr. Hastings beheld it askance. Mr. Hastings tells us that it was reported of this Cheit Sing, that his father90 left him a million sterling, and that he made annual accessions to the hoard. Nothing could be so obnoxious to indigent power. So much wealth could not be innocent. The House is fully acquainted with the unfounded and unjust requisitions which were made upon this prince. 91 The question has been most ably and conclusively cleared up in one of the reports of the select committee;92 and in an answer of the Court of Directors to an extraordinary publication against them by their servant, Mr. Hastings.93 But I mean to pass by these exaction; as if they were perfectly just and regular; and having admitted them, I take what I shall now trouble you with, only as it serves to show the spirit of the Company’s government, the mode in which it is carried on, and the maxims on which it proceeds.Mr. Hastings, from whom I take the doctrine, endeavors to prove that Cheit Sing was no sovereign prince; but a mere zemindar, or common subject, holding land by rent. If this be granted to him, it is next to be seen under what terms he is of opinion such a land-holder, that is a British subject, holds It is proper to understand well the doctrines of the life and property under the Company’s government person whose administration has lately received such distinguished approbation from the Company. His or the person doctrine is,–“That the Company, delegated by it, holds an absolute authority over such Zemindars; –that he [such a subject] owes an implicit and unreserved obedience to its authority, at the forfeiture even of his life and property, at the DISCRETION of those who held or fully represented the sovereign authority; and that these rights are fully delegated to him, Mr. Hastings.” If ever there was a subordinate dominion (যদি কখনও কোনো অধীনস্থ রাজ্য থেকে থাকে) pleasantly circumstanced to the superior power, (যার অবস্থা শাসনকারী শক্তির পক্ষে এতটাই অনুকূল ছিল,) it was this; (তবে সেটি ছিল এই রাজ্য।)A large rent or tribute, (একটি বিপুল খাজনা বা বার্ষিক কর,) to the amount of two hundred and sixty thousand pounds a year, (যার পরিমাণ ছিল বছরে দুই লক্ষ ষাট হাজার পাউন্ড,) was paid (পরিশোধ করা হতো) in monthly instalments (মাসিক কিস্তিতে,) with the punctuality (এমন সময়ানুবর্তিতার সঙ্গে) of a dividend at the Bank. (যেমন ব্যাংকের লভ্যাংশ সময়মতো পরিশোধ করা হয়।)If ever there was a prince (যদি কখনও এমন কোনো শাসক থেকে থাকেন) who could not have an interest in disturbances, (যাঁর অশান্তি সৃষ্টি করার কোনো স্বার্থই থাকতে পারে না,) it was its sovereign, (তবে তিনি ছিলেন এই রাজ্যের শাসক,) the Rajah Cheit Sing. (রাজা চৈত সিং।) He was in possession (তিনি অধিকারী ছিলেন) of the capital of his religion, (তাঁর ধর্মের প্রধান পবিত্র নগরীর,) and a willing revenue (এবং স্বেচ্ছায় প্রদত্ত আয়) was paid (তাঁকে দেওয়া হতো) by the devout people (ধর্মপ্রাণ মানুষের দ্বারা,) who resorted to him (যারা তাঁর কাছে আসত) from all parts. (দেশের সর্বত্র থেকে।)His sovereignty and his independence, (তাঁর সার্বভৌমত্ব ও স্বাধীনতা,) except his tribute, (শুধু বার্ষিক কর প্রদানের বাধ্যবাধকতা ছাড়া,) was secured (সম্পূর্ণভাবে নিশ্চিত ছিল) by every tie. (সব ধরনের চুক্তি ও নিশ্চয়তার মাধ্যমে।) His territory (তাঁর রাজ্য) was not much less than half of Ireland, (আয়তনে আয়ারল্যান্ডের অর্ধেকের চেয়ে খুব বেশি ছোট ছিল না,) and displayed in all parts (এবং সর্বত্র প্রদর্শন করত) a degree of cultivation, ease, and plenty, (উন্নত কৃষি, স্বাচ্ছন্দ্য ও প্রাচুর্য,) under his frugal and paternal management, (তাঁর মিতব্যয়ী ও পিতৃতুল্য শাসনের অধীনে,) which left him nothing to desire, (যেখানে তাঁর আর কিছুই কামনা করার ছিল না,) either for honour or satisfaction. (না সম্মানের জন্য, না সন্তুষ্টির জন্য।This was the light (প্রায় সকলের চোখে) in which this country appeared (এই দেশকে এভাবেই দেখা হতো,) to almost every eye. (প্রায় প্রত্যেক মানুষের দৃষ্টিতে।)But Mr. Hastings (কিন্তু মি. হেস্টিংস) beheld it askance. (এটিকে সন্দেহের চোখে দেখতেন।) Mr. Hastings tells us (মি. হেস্টিংস আমাদের বলেন,) that it was reported (যে প্রচলিত ছিল,) of this Cheit Sing, (রাজা চৈত সিং সম্পর্কে,) that his father (তাঁর পিতা) left him a million sterling, (তাঁর জন্য দশ লক্ষ পাউন্ড সম্পদ রেখে গিয়েছিলেন,) and that he made (এবং তিনি নিজেও) annual accessions (প্রতি বছর আরও সম্পদ যোগ করতেন) to the hoard. (সেই সঞ্চিত ধনভাণ্ডারে।)Nothing could be so obnoxious (এর চেয়ে বেশি অসহ্য আর কিছুই হতে পারত না) to indigent power. (অর্থকষ্টে থাকা শাসকদের কাছে।)So much wealth (এত বিপুল সম্পদ) could not be innocent. (তাদের চোখে নির্দোষ হতে পারে না।)The House is fully acquainted (এই সভা সম্পূর্ণভাবে অবগত) with the unfounded and unjust requisitions (সেই ভিত্তিহীন ও অন্যায্য দাবিগুলোর বিষয়ে) which were made (যা করা হয়েছিল) upon this prince. (এই শাসকের ওপর।) The question has been (এই বিষয়টি) most ably and conclusively cleared up (অত্যন্ত দক্ষতার সঙ্গে এবং চূড়ান্তভাবে ব্যাখ্যা করা হয়েছে) in one of the reports (নির্বাচিত কমিটির একটি প্রতিবেদনে,) of the select committee; (সেই সিলেক্ট কমিটির মাধ্যমে;) and in an answer (এবং একটি জবাবে,) of the Court of Directors (কোম্পানির পরিচালনা

BY EDMUND BURKE main text: The invariable course of the Company’s policy is this: Either they set up some prince too odious to maintain himself without the necessity of their assistance; or they soon render him odious, by making him the instrument of their government. In that case troops are bountifully sent to him to maintain his authority. That he should have no want of assistance, a civil gentleman, called a Resident, is kept at his court, who, under pretence of providing duly for the pay of these troops, gets assignments on the revenue into his hands. Under his provident management, debts soon accumulate; new Burke’s Speech on East India Bill assignments are made for these debts; until, step by step, the whole revenue, and with it the whole power of the country, is delivered into his hands. The military do not behold without a virtuous emulation the moderate gains of the civil department. They feel that, in a country driven to habitual rebellion by the civil government, the military is necessary; and they will not permit their services to go unrewarded. Tracts of country are delivered over to their discretion. Then it is found proper to convert their commanding officers into farmers of revenue. Thus, between the well-paid civil and well-rewarded military establishment, the situation of the natives may be easily conjectured. The authority of the regular and lawful government is everywhere and in every point extinguished. Disorders and violences arise; they are repressed by other disorders and other violences. Wherever the collectors of the revenue, and the farming colonels and majors move, ruin is about them, rebellion before and behind them. The people in crowds fly out of the country; and the frontier is guarded by lines of troops, not to exclude an enemy, but to prevent the escape of the inhabitants. By these means, in the course of not more than four or five years, this once opulent and flourishing country, which, by the accounts given in the Bengal consultations, yielded more than three crore of sicca rupees, that is, above three millions sterling, annually, is reduced, as far as I can discover, in a matter purposely involved in the utmost perplexity, to less than one million three hundred thousand pounds, and that exacted by every mode of rigor that can be devised. To complete the business, most of the wretched remnants of this revenue are mortgaged, and delivered into the hands of the usurers at Benares (for there alone are to be found some lingering remains of the ancient wealth of these regions) at an interest of near thirty per cent per annum.   The invariable course of the Company’s policy is this: কোম্পানির নীতির অপরিবর্তিত ধারা ছিল এই: Either they set up some prince হয় তারা এমন কোনো রাজপুত্র বা শাসককে ক্ষমতায় বসায় too odious to maintain himself যিনি এতটাই অজনপ্রিয় without the necessity of their assistance; যে তাদের সাহায্য ছাড়া নিজের ক্ষমতা টিকিয়ে রাখতে পারেন না; or they soon render him odious, অথবা তারা অল্প সময়ের মধ্যেই তাঁকে জনগণের কাছে ঘৃণিত করে তোলে, by making him the instrument of their government. তাঁকে নিজেদের শাসনের হাতিয়ার বানিয়ে। In that case সেই ক্ষেত্রে troops are bountifully sent to him তাঁর কাছে উদারভাবে সৈন্য পাঠানো হয় to maintain his authority. তাঁর কর্তৃত্ব বজায় রাখার জন্য। That he should have no want of assistance, যাতে তাঁর কোনো সাহায্যের অভাব না হয়, a civil gentleman, একজন অসামরিক কর্মকর্তা, called a Resident, যাকে ‘রেসিডেন্ট’ বলা হয়, is kept at his court, তাঁর দরবারে নিযুক্ত রাখা হয়, who, under pretence of providing duly যিনি সৈন্যদের বেতন যথাযথভাবে দেওয়ার অজুহাতে for the pay of these troops, এই সৈন্যবাহিনীর বেতন প্রদানের জন্য, gets assignments on the revenue রাজস্বের ওপর অধিকার বা বরাদ্দ into his hands. নিজের হাতে নিয়ে নেন। Under his provident management, তাঁর তথাকথিত বিচক্ষণ ব্যবস্থাপনায়, debts soon accumulate; অল্প সময়েই ঋণের পরিমাণ বেড়ে যায়; new assignments are made নতুন নতুন রাজস্ব বরাদ্দ দেওয়া হয় for these debts; এই ঋণ শোধ করার জন্য; until, step by step, এভাবে ধাপে ধাপে, the whole revenue, সমস্ত রাজস্ব and with it the whole power of the country, এবং তার সঙ্গে দেশের সমস্ত ক্ষমতা, is delivered into his hands. তাঁর হাতেই তুলে দেওয়া হয়। The military do not behold সামরিক কর্মকর্তারাও দেখে চুপ করে থাকে না without a virtuous emulation এক ধরনের প্রতিযোগিতার মনোভাব নিয়ে the moderate gains অসামরিক বিভাগের সীমিত লাভকে। They feel that, তারা বুঝতে পারে যে, in a country driven to habitual rebellion যে দেশে অসামরিক প্রশাসনের কারণে by the civil government, স্থায়ী বিদ্রোহের পরিবেশ সৃষ্টি হয়েছে, the military is necessary; সেখানে সামরিক বাহিনী অপরিহার্য; and they will not permit এবং তারা কখনোই অনুমতি দেবে না their services to go unrewarded. যাতে তাদের সেবার বিনিময়ে পুরস্কার না মেলে। Tracts of country দেশের বিস্তীর্ণ অঞ্চল are delivered over to their discretion. তাদের ইচ্ছামতো পরিচালনার জন্য তাদের হাতে তুলে দেওয়া হয়। Then it is found proper এরপর উপযুক্ত মনে করা হয় to convert their commanding officers তাদের সামরিক কমান্ডারদের into farmers of revenue. রাজস্ব-ইজারাদারে পরিণত করতে। Thus, এভাবে, between the well-paid civil ভালো বেতনপ্রাপ্ত অসামরিক প্রশাসন and well-rewarded military establishment, এবং পুরস্কৃত সামরিক প্রতিষ্ঠানের মাঝখানে, the situation of the natives দেশীয় জনগণের অবস্থা may be easily conjectured. সহজেই অনুমান করা যায়। The authority কর্তৃত্ব of the regular and lawful government বৈধ ও নিয়মতান্ত্রিক সরকারের is everywhere সর্বত্র and in every point এবং প্রতিটি ক্ষেত্রে extinguished. বিলুপ্ত হয়ে যায়। Disorders and violences arise; বিশৃঙ্খলা ও সহিংসতা সৃষ্টি হয়; they are repressed আর সেগুলো দমন করা হয় by other disorders আরও বিশৃঙ্খলার মাধ্যমে and other violences. এবং আরও সহিংসতার মাধ্যমে। Wherever the collectors of the revenue, যেখানেই রাজস্ব আদায়কারীরা, and the farming colonels and majors move, এবং রাজস্ব-ইজারাদার কর্নেল ও মেজররা যায়, ruin is about them, তাদের চারপাশে ধ্বংস নেমে আসে, rebellion before and behind them. তাদের সামনে ও পেছনে বিদ্রোহ ছড়িয়ে পড়ে। The people in crowds লোকজন দলে দলে fly out of the country; দেশ ছেড়ে পালিয়ে যায়; and the frontier is guarded আর সীমান্ত পাহারা দেওয়া হয় by lines of troops, সৈন্যবাহিনীর সারি দিয়ে, not

BY EDMUND BURKE main text: subject to their authority. The most considerable of the dependent princes is the Nabob of Oude.71 My Right Honorable friend, to whom we owe the remedial bills on your table, has already pointed out to you, in one of the reports, the condition of that prince, and as it stood in the time he alluded to.72 1 shall only add a few circumstances that may tend to awaken some sense of the manner in which the condition of the people is affected by that of the prince, and involved in it; and to show you, that when we talk of the sufferings of princes, we do not lament the oppression of individuals; and that in these cases the high and the low suffer together. In the year 1779, the Nabob of Oude represented, through the British resident at his court, that the number of Company’s troops stationed in his dominions was a main cause of his distress; and that all those which he was not bound by treaty to maintain should be withdrawn, as they had greatly diminished his revenue and impoverished his country. I will read you, if you please, a few extracts from these representations. He states, “that the country and cultivation are abandoned; and this year in particular, from the Burke’s Speech on East India Bill excessive drought of the season, deductions of many laces having been allowed to the farmers, who are still left unsatisfied”;73 and then he proceeds with a long detail of his own distress, and that of his family, and all his dependants; and adds, “that the new-raised brigade is not only quite useless to my government, but is, moreover the cause of much loss, both in revenues and customs. The detached body of troops under European officers bring nothing but confusion to the affairs of my government, and are entirely their own masters.”74 Mr.Middleton, 75 Mr. Hastings’s confidential Resident, vouches for the truth of this representation in its fullest extent. “I am concerned to confess that there is too good ground for this plea. The misfortune has been general throughout the whole of the vizier’s [the Nabob of Oude] dominions, obvious to everybody; and so fatal have been its consequences, that no person, of either credit or character would enter into engagements with government for farming the country.” He then proceeds to give strong instances of the general calamity, and its effects.Burke’s Speech on East India Bill It was now to be seen what steps the Governor General and Council took for the relief of this distressed country, long laboring under the vexations of men, and now stricken by the hand of God. The case of a general famine is known to relax the severity even of the most rigorous government.–Mr. Hastings does not deny, or shew the least doubt of the fact.  Traslation in Bangla subject to their authority. তাদের কর্তৃত্বের অধীন। The most considerable of the dependent princes is the Nabob of Oude. অধীনস্থ রাজন্যবর্গের মধ্যে সবচেয়ে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ হলেন অযোধ্যার (আউধের) নবাব। My Right Honorable friend, আমার অত্যন্ত সম্মানিত বন্ধু, to whom we owe the remedial bills on your table, যাঁর কাছে আমরা আপনাদের টেবিলে থাকা সংস্কারমূলক বিলগুলোর জন্য ঋণী, has already pointed out to you, তিনি ইতিমধ্যেই আপনাদের দৃষ্টি আকর্ষণ করেছেন, in one of the reports, প্রতিবেদনগুলোর একটিতে, the condition of that prince, সেই নবাবের অবস্থার প্রতি, and as it stood in the time he alluded to. এবং তিনি যে সময়ের কথা উল্লেখ করেছিলেন, সেই সময়কার তাঁর অবস্থার প্রতি। I shall only add a few circumstances আমি শুধু কয়েকটি বিষয় যোগ করব that may tend to awaken some sense যা হয়তো কিছুটা উপলব্ধি জাগাতে পারে of the manner in which the condition of the people is affected by that of the prince, কীভাবে জনগণের অবস্থা শাসকের অবস্থার দ্বারা প্রভাবিত হয়, and involved in it; এবং তার সঙ্গে ওতপ্রোতভাবে জড়িত থাকে; and to show you, এবং আপনাদের দেখাতে, that when we talk of the sufferings of princes, যে যখন আমরা শাসকদের দুর্দশার কথা বলি, we do not lament the oppression of individuals; তখন আমরা কেবল ব্যক্তিগত কষ্টের জন্য শোক করি না; and that in these cases the high and the low suffer together. বরং এ ধরনের ক্ষেত্রে উচ্চ ও নিম্ন—উভয় শ্রেণির মানুষই একসঙ্গে দুর্ভোগ পোহায়। In the year 1779, ১৭৭৯ সালে, the Nabob of Oude represented, আউধের নবাব অভিযোগ জানিয়েছিলেন, through the British resident at his court, তাঁর দরবারে নিযুক্ত ব্রিটিশ রেসিডেন্টের মাধ্যমে, that the number of Company’s troops stationed in his dominions যে তাঁর রাজ্যে অবস্থানরত কোম্পানির সৈন্যদের সংখ্যা was a main cause of his distress; তাঁর দুর্দশার প্রধান কারণ ছিল; and that all those which he was not bound by treaty to maintain এবং যেসব সৈন্য রক্ষণাবেক্ষণের জন্য তিনি চুক্তি অনুযায়ী বাধ্য ছিলেন না, should be withdrawn, সেগুলো প্রত্যাহার করা উচিত, as they had greatly diminished his revenue কারণ তারা তাঁর রাজস্বকে ব্যাপকভাবে কমিয়ে দিয়েছিল and impoverished his country. এবং তাঁর দেশকে দরিদ্র করে তুলেছিল। I will read you, if you please, আপনাদের অনুমতি থাকলে আমি পড়ে শোনাব, a few extracts from these representations. এই আবেদনপত্রগুলোর কয়েকটি অংশ। He states, তিনি বলেন, “that the country and cultivation are abandoned;” “দেশ ও কৃষিকাজ পরিত্যক্ত হয়ে পড়েছে;” “and this year in particular, “এবং বিশেষ করে এ বছর, from the excessive drought of the season, ঋতুর ভয়াবহ খরার কারণে, deductions of many laces having been allowed to the farmers, অনেক স্থানে কৃষকদের খাজনায় ছাড় দেওয়া হয়েছে, who are still left unsatisfied”; তবুও তারা এখনও চরম অসন্তুষ্ট ও দুর্দশাগ্রস্ত রয়েছে”; and then he proceeds with a long detail of his own distress, এরপর তিনি নিজের দুর্দশার দীর্ঘ বিবরণ দেন, and that of his family, তাঁর পরিবারের, and all his dependants; এবং তাঁর সকল আশ্রিতের দুর্দশারও; and adds, এবং আরও বলেন, “that the new-raised brigade is not only quite useless to my government, “নতুন গঠিত ব্রিগেডটি শুধু আমার সরকারের জন্য সম্পূর্ণ অপ্রয়োজনীয়ই নয়, but is, moreover, the cause of much loss, বরং এটি আরও ব্যাপক ক্ষতির কারণ, both in revenues and customs. রাজস্ব ও শুল্ক—উভয় ক্ষেত্রেই। The