Explanation
1. Wit, like all other things, subject by their nature to the choice of man, has its changes and fashions, and, at different times, takes different forms.
2. Sublimity is protected by aggregation and hit consist dispersion. â â â
3. To love excellence is natural, it is natural likewise for the love to solicit reciprocal regard by an elaborate display of his ow qualifications. â â â
4. The most heterogeneous ideas are yoked by violence together.
â â â
Short Note
1]Johnson’s style of writing â â â
2]Biography
3]Dr. Spratâ â â
4]Johnson’s assessment of the metaphysical poets â â â
5],Cowley’s David is as an epicâ â â
Essay-type Questions
01.Consider Dr. Samuel Johnson as a critic and biographer with special reference to Life of Cowley./Critically analyse Johnson’s art of writing biography. â°â â â
02. What are the epic qualities found in Cowley’s Davideis? Discuss.
03. Consider Samuel Johnson’s Life of Cowley as a piece of literary criticism. â â â
04. Critically examine Johnson’s account of the metaphysical poetry in The Life of Cowley. â â â
01.Consider Dr. Samuel Johnson as a critic and biographer with special reference to Life of Cowley./Critically analyse Johnson’s art of writing biography. â°â â â
Dr. Samuel Johnson is one of the most important literary figures of eighteenth-century England. He was a distinguished writer, moralist, critic, and biographer. His great work Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets contains a series of biographies in which he combines the history of a writerâs life with a critical examination of his literary achievement. Among these, The Life of Cowley is particularly significant because it reveals Johnsonâs qualities both as a biographer and as a literary critic.Johnson does not regard biography as merely a record of dates and events. He attempts to discover the character, mind, motives, achievements, and weaknesses of his subject. At the same time, he does not treat literary criticism as something completely separate from the writerâs life. He connects Cowleyâs personality and experiences with his poetry. Thus, The Life of Cowley is at once a biography, a work of literary criticism, and a study of human character.
Johnson as a Biographer: Search for Truth
One of the greatest qualities of Johnson as a biographer is his serious concern for truth. He does not simply repeat whatever earlier writers have said about Cowley. He examines the available evidence and tries to distinguish fact from exaggeration.Johnson particularly examines the earlier account written by Dr. Sprat, who was Cowleyâs friend. Because of this personal relationship, Johnson considers Spratâs biography too favourable in certain respects. Johnson therefore does not accept it without examination. Instead, he consults other sources to establish the truth about Cowleyâs life.This method shows an important development in English biography. Johnson moves biography away from mere praise, gossip, or anecdote and towards careful historical investigation.
Careful Use of Evidence and Sources
Johnsonâs biography is supported by different kinds of evidence. He refers to Cowleyâs letters, official records, church documents, court materials, theatrical records, and contemporary opinions. His use of such evidence demonstrates his desire to make his account reliable.For example, Johnson uses parish records to establish details concerning Cowleyâs family background. He also refers to theatrical records while discussing Cowleyâs play The Cutter of Coleman-street and the contemporary interpretation of the play as a satire upon the Royalists.Such references show Johnsonâs habit of checking facts rather than depending entirely upon tradition. His biography therefore possesses both literary interest and historical value.
Balanced and Fair Judgement
Another important quality of Johnsonâs biographical art is his fairness. He does not idealize Cowley, but neither does he deliberately attack him. He tries to consider both sides of controversial questions.Cowleyâs political conduct during the English Civil War is a good example. Questions arose concerning his political loyalty, but Johnson does not hastily accuse him of betrayal. He examines the circumstances and suggests possible reasons for Cowleyâs neutrality. He also points out that there is insufficient evidence to establish that Cowley betrayed the king or actively supported his opponents.This balanced method makes Johnsonâs biography convincing. His subject is treated as a human being with both virtues and limitations rather than as a perfect literary hero.
Biography as a Lively Narrative
Although Johnson is careful with facts, his biography is not a dry historical document. His narrative is lively, engaging, and full of movement. He presents Cowleyâs experiences in a manner that maintains the readerâs interest.Johnson knows how to select significant incidents from a life and arrange them effectively. He does not record every insignificant detail. Instead, he chooses events that help reveal Cowleyâs personality and career. His prose possesses the energy and force of good storytelling, while his reflections give the narrative intellectual depth.Thus, Johnson succeeds in combining historical accuracy with literary attractiveness.
Psychological Insight into Cowley
Johnson is also an insightful student of human psychology. He is interested not only in what Cowley did but also in the nature of his mind.At the beginning of The Life of Cowley, Johnson discusses genius and the development of poetic talent. His description of Cowley becoming âirrecoverably a poetâ suggests that poetry became an essential part of Cowleyâs identity. Johnson attempts to explain how a person of exceptional ability becomes devoted to a particular form of intellectual activity.This psychological approach gives the biography a human dimension. Cowley is not presented simply as a name in literary history; he becomes a living personality whose character can be studied and understood.
Connection between Life and Literary Works
A major strength of Johnsonâs method is his close relationship between biography and literary criticism. He believes that understanding a writerâs life can help readers understand his writings.In The Life of Cowley, Johnson discusses Cowleyâs education, scholarship, political experiences, intellectual habits, and poetic career. He then examines his poems and other literary works. This allows Johnson to show how Cowleyâs personality and learning influenced his literary style.Therefore, Johnsonâs biography is not simply about Cowleyâs private life. It is also about the development of Cowley as a writer.
Johnson as a Literary Critic
Johnsonâs second major role in The Life of Cowley is that of a literary critic. His criticism is strongly influenced by the ideals of Neoclassicism. He values clarity, order, proportion, decorum, natural expression, and the representation of universal human experience.For Johnson, poetry should not be merely a display of cleverness. It should communicate ideas clearly, appeal to the imagination and emotions, and possess a lasting connection with human nature.His criticism of Cowley therefore becomes part of a larger discussion about what poetry should be.
Johnson and Metaphysical Poetry
Johnson famously identifies Cowley with the metaphysical poets. He explains that these poets possessed great learning, wit, and intellectual power, but often misused these qualities.Their most characteristic technique was the conceit, an elaborate and unexpected comparison between apparently unrelated things. Johnson describes their method as bringing together âheterogeneous ideasâ and joining them âby violence.âThis famous judgement expresses Johnsonâs central objection to metaphysical poetry. He believes that the poets often force relationships between things simply to display their intellectual ingenuity. As a result, the comparison may appear clever but unnatural.
Wit versus Natural Expression
Johnson does not deny the intelligence of the metaphysical poets. In fact, he recognizes their remarkable powers of reflection and comparison. His criticism is directed against the excessive use of those powers.In Johnsonâs view, poetic wit should serve poetry rather than dominate it. When intellectual cleverness becomes more important than emotion, clarity, and natural expression, poetry loses some of its beauty and effectiveness.Thus, Johnsonâs criticism of Cowley is not a rejection of intelligence in poetry. It is a criticism of intelligence without sufficient artistic restraint.
Johnsonâs Idea of Universal Human Nature
Johnson believes that great poetry should have a broad appeal because it represents experiences common to humanity. He values what he calls âgeneral nature.â Poetry should deal with emotions, situations, and truths that readers can recognize beyond a particular historical period.This principle explains some of Johnsonâs objections to metaphysical poetry. The strange conceits and complicated intellectual arguments of the metaphysical poets can make their poetry difficult for ordinary readers to approach.Johnson therefore prefers poetry that combines intellectual quality with clarity, accessibility, and emotional communication.
Criticism of The Mistress
Johnsonâs discussion of Cowleyâs The Mistress illustrates his balanced critical method. He recognizes Cowleyâs ability as a love poet and acknowledges the learning and ingenuity displayed in the poems. At the same time, he criticizes the excessive use of conceits.The intellectual comparisons sometimes become so elaborate that they distract from genuine emotion. Johnson believes that the reader may become more interested in solving the intellectual puzzle than in experiencing the feeling expressed by the poem.Yet Johnson does not dismiss Cowley completely. His criticism contains both admiration and objection, demonstrating his balanced approach.
Appreciation of Cowleyâs Pindaric Odes
Johnson also recognizes Cowleyâs contribution to English poetry through his use of the Pindaric ode. Cowley helped popularize and develop this form in English literature.This is important because it demonstrates that Johnsonâs criticism is not merely destructive. He is willing to recognize originality and achievement when he finds them. His evaluation of Cowley therefore contains both appreciation and criticism.
Moral Dimension of Johnsonâs Criticism
Johnsonâs criticism also has a strong moral element. For him, literature is not merely entertainment. Poetry should contribute to the understanding of life and human conduct.This belief influences his treatment of Cowley. Johnson examines not only literary technique but also character, conduct, ambition, success, and failure. The poetâs life can therefore become a source of moral instruction.Johnson does not present great writers as flawless individuals. Their mistakes and weaknesses are part of their humanity, and readers may learn from both their successes and their failures.
Aphoristic and Memorable Style
Johnsonâs own style is another important aspect of his achievement. His prose is powerful, clear, polished, and full of memorable statements. His observations about literature and human nature often take the form of concise and striking expressions.Phrases such as Cowley becoming âirrecoverably a poetâ and the metaphysical poets joining âheterogeneous ideasâ through violence have become famous because they express complicated judgements in memorable language.His aphoristic style gives his biography both authority and literary beauty.
Strengths and Limitations of Johnsonâs Criticism
Johnsonâs criticism is strong because it is clear, reasoned, balanced, and based on definite principles. He identifies the major characteristics of Cowleyâs poetry and explains why he admires or rejects particular qualities. His discussion of metaphysical poetry remains historically important because it provided one of the earliest influential accounts of the movement.However, his criticism also has limitations. His strong attachment to neoclassical ideals sometimes prevents him from fully appreciating the originality of metaphysical poetry. He tends to regard their difficult conceits as artificial rather than considering the possibility that intellectual complexity itself can be a form of poetic expression.Later critics have therefore challenged some of Johnsonâs conclusions. Nevertheless, the limitations of his judgement do not destroy the value of his criticism. They instead reveal the influence of the literary standards of his own age.
Johnsonâs Contribution to English Biography and Criticism
The importance of The Life of Cowley lies ultimately in Johnsonâs successful combination of biography and criticism. He shows that the life of a writer can illuminate his literary works and that criticism can be enriched by an understanding of personality and historical circumstances.His biography is factual without being dull, critical without being merely negative, and moral without becoming completely didactic. His prose transforms biographical material into literature.
In conclusion, Dr. Samuel Johnson emerges from The Life of Cowley as both a distinguished biographer and a powerful literary critic. As a biographer, he is careful, truthful, balanced, psychologically perceptive, and artistically effective. He investigates evidence, questions earlier accounts, presents Cowleyâs strengths and weaknesses, and creates a lively portrait of the poet.As a critic, Johnson applies neoclassical principles of clarity, order, decorum, naturalness, and universal human experience. His criticism of metaphysical poetry, especially his famous description of âheterogeneous ideas,â is sharp and influential. Although his classical standards sometimes limit his appreciation of metaphysical originality, his critical judgements remain valuable because they are intelligent, reasoned, and memorable.Therefore, The Life of Cowley is much more than the biography of one poet. It is a remarkable combination of biography, literary criticism, psychology, moral reflection, and history. Johnsonâs achievement lies in making the life and literature of Cowley illuminate each other, thereby establishing himself as one of the most important biographers and critics in English literary history.
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āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāĻžāύāϏāĻŋāĻāϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞā§āώāĻŖ
āĻāύāϏāύ āĻļā§āϧ⧠āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋ āĻā§ āĻāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϞā§āύ āϤāĻž āĻāĻžāύāϤ⧠āĻāĻžāύāύāĻŋ; āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāĻžāύāϏāĻŋāĻāϤāĻž āĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϤā§āĻŦāĻ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻā§āώā§āĻāĻž āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤ āĻ āϰā§āĻĨāĻžā§, āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāύ āĻŽāύāϏā§āϤāĻžāϤā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞā§āώāĻā§āϰ āĻŽāϤā§āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤The Life of Cowley-āĻāϰ āĻļā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻ āĻāύāϏāύ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤā§āĻŦāĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻļ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āĻāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰā§āύāĨ¤ āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āϧā§āϰ⧠āϧā§āϰ⧠āĻāĻāĻāύ āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻšāϝāĻŧā§ āĻāĻ ā§āĻāĻŋāϞā§āύ, āϤāĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻŦāϞā§āύ āϝ⧠āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ âirrecoverably a poetâ āĻšāϝāĻŧā§ āĻāĻ ā§āĻāĻŋāϞā§āύâāĻ āϰā§āĻĨāĻžā§ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻž āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āϏāϤā§āϤāĻžāϰ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻāĻļ āĻšāϝāĻŧā§ āĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāϞ, āϝā§āĻāĻžāύ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāϰ āĻĢāĻŋāϰ⧠āĻāϏāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĒāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŋāϞ āύāĻžāĨ¤āĻāĻ āĻŽāύāϏā§āϤāĻžāϤā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻĻā§āώā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻŦāύā§āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāϰāĻ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻāϰ⧠āϤā§āϞā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋ āĻļā§āϧ⧠āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝ-āĻāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻāύ āύāĻžāĻŽ āύāύ; āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāύ āĻā§āĻŦāύā§āϤ āĻŽāĻžāύā§āώ, āϝāĻžāϰ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤāĻž, āĻ āύā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϤā§āĻŦāĻā§ āĻāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻŦā§āĻāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋāĨ¤
āĻā§āĻŦāύ āĻ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝāĻāϰā§āĻŽā§āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻ
āĻāύāϏāύā§āϰ āĻā§āĻŦāύ⧠āϰāĻāύāĻžāϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāώā§āĻā§āϝ āĻšāϞā§âāϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϞā§āĻāĻā§āϰ āĻā§āĻŦāύ āĻ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝāĻāϰā§āĻŽā§āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻ āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻŽāϤā§, āĻāĻāĻāύ āϞā§āĻāĻā§āϰ āĻā§āĻŦāύ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§ āĻāĻžāύāϞ⧠āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝāĻāϰā§āĻŽāĻā§āĻ āĻāϰāĻ āĻāĻžāϞā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤The Life of Cowley-āϤ⧠āĻāύāϏāύ āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻž, āĻā§āĻāĻžāύāĻāϰā§āĻāĻž, āϰāĻžāĻāύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻāϤāĻž, āĻŽāĻžāύāϏāĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻā§āϝāĻžāϏ āĻāĻŦāĻ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝāĻŋāĻ āĻā§āĻŦāύā§āϰ āĻāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤ āĻāϰāĻĒāϰ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻ āĻ āύā§āϝāĻžāύā§āϝ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝāĻāϰā§āĻŽ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞā§āώāĻŖ āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤ āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āύ, āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϤā§āĻŦ āĻ āĻā§āĻāĻžāύ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āϞā§āĻāĻžāϰ āϧāϰāύāĻā§ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤āϤāĻžāĻ āĻāύāϏāύā§āϰ āĻā§āĻŦāύ⧠āĻļā§āϧ⧠āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻāϤ āĻā§āĻŦāύā§āϰ āĻāĻžāĻšāĻŋāύāĻŋ āύāϝāĻŧ; āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāύ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻļā§āϰ āĻāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏāĻāĨ¤
āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝ-āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞā§āĻāĻ āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻāύāϏāύ
The Life of Cowley-āϤ⧠āĻāύāϏāύā§āϰ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤā§āϝāĻŧ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāϝāĻŧ āĻšāϞ⧠āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝ-āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞā§āĻāĻ āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞā§āĻāύāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āύāĻŋāĻāĻā§āϞāĻžāϏāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ āĻŦāĻž āϧā§āϰā§āĻĒāĻĻā§ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝ-āĻāĻĻāϰā§āĻļā§āϰ āϝāĻĨā§āώā§āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝ⧠āϏā§āĻĒāώā§āĻāϤāĻž, āĻļā§āĻā§āĻāϞāĻž, āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻā§āĻāϏā§āϝ, āϝāĻĨāĻžāϝāĻĨāϤāĻž, āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļāĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāĻā§āĻŦāύā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻĢāϞāύāĻā§ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤āĻāύāϏāύā§āϰ āĻŽāϤā§, āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻļā§āϧ⧠āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϰ āĻā§āϞāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻļāϞ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāϰā§āĻļāύā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āύāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤāĻž āϏā§āĻĒāώā§āĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļāĻŋāϤ āĻšāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻāĻāĻŋāϤ āĻāĻŦāĻ āϤāĻž āĻŽāĻžāύā§āώā§āϰ āĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻž āĻ āĻāĻŦā§āĻāĻā§ āϏā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻļ āĻāϰāĻž āĻāĻāĻŋāϤāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āĻŽāĻžāύā§āώā§āϰ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻā§āĻŦāύā§āϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž āĻĻāϰāĻāĻžāϰāĨ¤āĻāĻ āĻāĻĻāϰā§āĻļ āĻĨā§āĻā§āĻ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϰ āĻŽā§āϞā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤
āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻĢāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§ āĻāύāϏāύā§āϰ āĻŽāϤ
āĻāύāϏāύ āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋāĻā§ āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻĢāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āϝā§āĻā§āϤ āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϏā§āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻāϰā§āύ āϝ⧠āĻāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϰ āĻā§āĻāĻžāύ, āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻ āĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻžāĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻ āĻāĻŋāϝā§āĻ āĻšāϞā§âāϤāĻžāĻāϰāĻž āĻ āύā§āĻ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻŽāϤā§āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻā§āϤ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻĢāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ āύā§āϝāϤāĻŽ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāώā§āĻā§āϝ āĻāĻŋāϞ conceit āĻŦāĻž āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻĒā§āϤ āĻ āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϤā§āϝāĻžāĻļāĻŋāϤ āϤā§āϞāύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϰāĻž āĻ āύā§āĻ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻāĻŋāύā§āύ āϧāϰāύā§āϰ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧā§āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻ āϤā§āϝāύā§āϤ āĻāĻāĻŋāϞ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻ āϤā§āϰāĻŋ āĻāϰāϤā§āύāĨ¤āĻāύāϏāύ āϤāĻžāĻāĻĻā§āϰ āĻāĻ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻŽāύāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύ āϝ⧠āϤāĻžāĻāϰāĻž âheterogeneous ideasâ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāϰāϏā§āĻĒāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻāĻšā§āύ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻžāĻā§āϞā§āĻā§ āĻā§āϰ āĻāϰ⧠āĻāĻāϤā§āϰāĻŋāϤ āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤āĻāĻāĻžāĻ āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻĢāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āĻāύāϏāύā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻāĻĒāϤā§āϤāĻŋāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻŽāϤā§, āĻāϏāĻŦ āϤā§āϞāύāĻž āĻ āύā§āĻ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻĒā§āϤ āĻšāϞā§āĻ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ āύāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϰāĻž āϝā§āύ āĻļā§āϧ⧠āύāĻŋāĻā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻŽāĻ āĻĻā§āĻāĻžāύā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻāĻŽāύ āϤā§āϞāύāĻž āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤
āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻŽāĻ āĻŦāύāĻžāĻŽ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ
āĻāύāϏāύ āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻĢāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϰ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻŽāϤā§āϤāĻžāĻā§ āĻ āϏā§āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻāϰā§āύāύāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻŦāϰāĻ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϤāĻžāĻāĻĻā§āϰ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤāĻžāĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ āϤā§āϞāύāĻž āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻāϏāĻž āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻāĻĒāϤā§āϤāĻŋ āĻāĻŋāϞ āĻāĻ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻ āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻā§āϤ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āϧā§āĨ¤āĻāύāϏāύā§āϰ āĻŽāϤā§, āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻ āĻŦāĻļā§āϝāĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŦā§, āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āϏā§āĻ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϰ āϏā§āύā§āĻĻāϰā§āϝ āĻ āĻāĻŦā§āĻāĻā§ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāϝā§āϝ āĻāϰāĻŦā§âāĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāĻā§ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻĒā§āϰāĻŋ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāύā§āϤā§āϰāĻŖ āĻāϰāĻŦā§ āύāĻžāĨ¤āϝāĻāύ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻŽāĻ āĻāĻŦā§āĻ, āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻāϤāĻž āĻ āϏā§āύā§āĻĻāϰā§āϝā§āϰ āĻā§āϝāĻŧā§ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻšāϝāĻŧā§ āĻāĻ ā§, āϤāĻāύ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϰ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŦā§āĻĻāύ āĻāĻŽā§ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤āϤāĻžāĻ āĻāύāϏāύā§āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āϧ⧠āύāϝāĻŧ; āĻŦāϰāĻ āĻļāĻŋāϞā§āĻĒā§ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϰ āĻ āϏāĻāϝāϤ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āϧā§āĨ¤
āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻž
āĻāύāϏāύ āĻŽāύ⧠āĻāϰāϤā§āύ, āĻļā§āϰā§āώā§āĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻāĻŽāύ āĻšāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻāĻāĻŋāϤ āϝāĻž āϏāĻŦ āϝā§āĻā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāύā§āώā§āϰ āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻ āϰā§āĻĨāĻŦāĻš āĻ āĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖāϝā§āĻā§āϝ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ āϰā§āĻĨāĻžā§ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻŽāĻžāύā§āώā§āϰ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ āύā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ, āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻāϤāĻž āĻ āϏāϤā§āϝā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž āĻāĻāĻŋāϤāĨ¤āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻŋāĻā§ âgeneral natureâ āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦ-āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϤ āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻŽāύ⧠āĻāϰā§āύāĨ¤āĻāĻ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖā§āĻ āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻĢāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻāĻĒāϤā§āϤāĻŋ āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻ āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻā§āϤ āĻāĻāĻŋāϞ conceit āĻ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻŦā§āϤā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖā§ āĻāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāĻā§āϞ⧠āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻā§āϰ āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻ āύā§āĻ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻ āĻŋāύ āĻšāϝāĻŧā§ āĻāĻ āϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤āĻāύāϏāύ āϤāĻžāĻ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻŽā§āϞā§āϝ āĻĻā§āύ, āϝā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āϏā§āĻĒāώā§āĻāϤāĻž, āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻāϤāĻž āĻ āĻāĻŦā§āĻā§āϰ āϏā§āύā§āĻĻāϰ āϏāĻŽāύā§āĻŦāϝāĻŧ āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤
The Mistress-āĻāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞā§āĻāύāĻž
āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋāϰ The Mistress āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āĻāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āĻ āĻāύāϏāύā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰāϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϝāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞā§āĻāύāĻžāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āĻĻā§āώā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻĒāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŽā§āϰ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻāĻž, āĻā§āĻāĻžāύ āĻ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻĒā§āϤāϤāĻžāϰ āϏā§āĻŦā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āĻāĻāĻ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻ āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻā§āϤ conceit āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰā§āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤āĻāĻāύ⧠āĻāĻāύ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϰ āĻāĻāĻŋāϞ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻŦā§āϤā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āϤā§āϞāύāĻž āĻāϤ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻšāϝāĻŧā§ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϝ⧠āϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϤ āĻāĻŦā§āĻāĻā§ āĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϞ āĻāϰ⧠āĻĢā§āϞā§āĨ¤ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻ āϤāĻāύ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ āύā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻāĻĒāĻā§āĻ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻĻāϞ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϰ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻĒā§āϤ āϤā§āϞāύāĻžāϰ āĻ āϰā§āĻĨ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻā§āώā§āĻāĻž āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāϏā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧā§ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧā§āĨ¤āϤāĻŦā§āĻ āĻāύāϏāύ āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāĻā§ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻĒā§āϰāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāϤāĻŋāϞ āĻāϰā§āύāύāĻŋāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞā§āĻāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻāϏāĻž āĻ āĻāĻĒāϤā§āϤāĻŋâāĻĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞā§āĻāύāĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāϰāϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϝāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻāϰāĻŋāϤā§āϰāĻā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Pindaric Ode-āĻ āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻ āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāύ
āĻāύāϏāύ āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻāϰā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻ āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāύāĻ āϏā§āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤ āĻāĻāϰā§āĻāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝ⧠Pindaric Ode āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāĻŋāύā§āĻĄāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻĄā§āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ āĻāύāĻĒā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāϤāĻž āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻāϰ⧠āϝ⧠āĻāύāϏāύā§āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻļā§āϧ⧠āύā§āϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ āĻāĻŋāϞ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻā§āύ⧠āϞā§āĻāĻā§āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻŽā§āϞāĻŋāĻāϤāĻž āĻ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝāĻŋāĻ āϏāĻžāĻĢāϞā§āϝ āĻĻā§āĻāϤ⧠āĻĒā§āϞ⧠āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϤāĻž āϏā§āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤āĻ āϤāĻāĻŦ, āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āĻāύāϏāύā§āϰ āĻŽāύā§āĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻāĻŋāϞ āĻāĻāĻ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻāϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āĻ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞā§āĻāύāĻžāĻŽā§āϞāĻāĨ¤
āĻāύāϏāύā§āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞā§āĻāύāĻžāϰ āύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ
āĻāύāϏāύā§āϰ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝ-āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞā§āĻāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ⧠āύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻĻāĻŋāĻāĻ āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻāĻžāĻā§ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝ āĻļā§āϧ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāύā§āĻĻāύā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āύāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝ āĻŽāĻžāύā§āώā§āϰ āĻā§āĻŦāύ, āĻāϰāĻŋāϤā§āϰ āĻ āĻāĻāϰāĻŖ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻž āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤āĻāĻ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻž The Life of Cowley-āϤā§āĻ āĻĻā§āĻāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻļā§āϧ⧠āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝāĻŋāĻ āĻā§āĻļāϞ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āĻāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰā§āύāύāĻŋ; āĻŦāϰāĻ āĻŽāĻžāύā§āώā§āϰ āĻāϰāĻŋāϤā§āϰ, āĻāĻāϰāĻŖ, āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āώāĻž, āϏāĻžāĻĢāϞā§āϝ āĻ āĻŦā§āϝāϰā§āĻĨāϤāĻžāϰ āĻĻāĻŋāĻāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤āĻāĻāĻāύ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāύ āϞā§āĻāĻāĻ āϝ⧠āĻā§āϞ-āϤā§āϰā§āĻāĻŋāϰ āĻāϰā§āϧā§āĻŦā§ āύāύâāĻāύāϏāύ āϤāĻž āĻĻā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠āĻā§āϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻŽāϤā§, āĻāĻāĻāύ āϞā§āĻāĻā§āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĢāϞā§āϝ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āϝā§āĻŽāύ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻž āύā§āĻāϝāĻŧāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āϤā§āĻŽāύāĻŋ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻā§āϞ āĻĨā§āĻā§āĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻž āύā§āĻāϝāĻŧāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻŦāĨ¤
āĻāύāϏāύā§āϰ āϏā§āĻŽāϰāĻŖā§āϝāĻŧ āĻ Aphoristic Style
āĻāύāϏāύā§āϰ āύāĻŋāĻā§āϰ āϞā§āĻāĻžāϰ āϧāϰāύāĻ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝāĻŋāĻ āĻā§āϤāĻŋāϤā§āĻŦā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻĻāĻŋāĻāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻāĻĻā§āϝ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞā§, āĻĒāϰāĻŋāώā§āĻāĻžāϰ, āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻļā§āϞāĻŋāϤ āĻāĻŦāĻ āϏā§āĻŽāϰāĻŖā§āϝāĻŧāĨ¤āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻ āύā§āĻ āĻāĻāĻŋāϞ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝāĻŋāĻ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻžāĻā§ āĻā§āĻ āĻ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ⧠āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰāϤā§āύāĨ¤ āϝā§āĻŽāύ āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋ âirrecoverably a poetâ āĻšāϝāĻŧā§ āĻāĻ ā§āĻāĻŋāϞā§āύâāĻāĻ āĻāĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻŦ āĻ āϞā§āĻĒ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻā§ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϏāϤā§āϤāĻžāϰ āĻāĻā§āϰāϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤āĻāĻāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻĢāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϰ âheterogeneous ideasâ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻŋāύā§āύāϧāϰā§āĻŽā§ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻžāĻā§ āĻā§āϰ āĻāϰ⧠āĻāĻāϤā§āϰāĻŋāϤ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĨāĻž āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞā§āĻāύāĻžāϰ āĻŽā§āϞ āĻŦāĻā§āϤāĻŦā§āϝāĻā§ āĻ āϤā§āϝāύā§āϤ āϏā§āĻŽāϰāĻŖā§āϝāĻŧ āĻāϰ⧠āϤā§āϞā§āĻā§āĨ¤āĻāĻ āϏāĻāĻā§āώāĻŋāĻĒā§āϤ, āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ⧠āĻ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤāĻžāĻļā§āϞ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻ āĻāύāϏāύā§āϰ āĻāĻĻā§āϝāĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώ āĻŽāϰā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤
āĻāύāϏāύā§āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞā§āĻāύāĻžāϰ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ āϏā§āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻž
āĻāύāϏāύā§āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞā§āĻāύāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻšāϞā§âāĻāĻāĻŋ āϏā§āĻĒāώā§āĻ, āϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋāϰā§āĻāϰ, āĻāĻžāϰāϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϝāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻāĻŦāĻ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻĻāϰā§āĻļā§āϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻŋāϤāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāώā§āĻā§āϝ āĻāĻŋāĻšā§āύāĻŋāϤ āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻā§āύ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻĒāĻāύā§āĻĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻ āĻĒāĻāύā§āĻĻ āĻāϰāĻā§āύ, āϤāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻĢāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝ-āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞā§āĻāύāĻžāϰ āĻāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏ⧠āĻ āϤā§āϝāύā§āϤ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖāĨ¤ āĻĒāϰāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧā§ āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻĢāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻāĻĻāĻŋāύ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻļāĻžāϞ⧠āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤āϤāĻŦā§ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞā§āĻāύāĻžāϰ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āϏā§āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻžāĻ āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āύāĻŋāĻāĻā§āϞāĻžāϏāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ āĻāĻĻāϰā§āĻļā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻĻā§āĻĸāĻŧ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖā§ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻĢāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϰ āĻŽā§āϞāĻŋāĻāϤāĻž āĻ āĻāĻāĻŋāϞāϤāĻžāϰ āĻŽā§āϞā§āϝ āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻĒā§āϰāĻŋ āĻāĻĒāϞāĻŦā§āϧāĻŋ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āύāύāĻŋāĨ¤āĻĒāϰāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠āϝā§āĻā§āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞā§āĻāĻā§āϰāĻž āϤāĻžāĻ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāύā§āϤā§āϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻŽāϤ āĻĒā§āώāĻŖ āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻŦā§āĻ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞā§āĻāύāĻžāϰ āĻŽā§āϞā§āϝ āĻāĻŽā§ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻŦāϰāĻ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āϏā§āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻž āĻĻā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϝ⧠āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧā§āϰ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻĻāϰā§āĻļ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻāĻā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻāĻŋāϞā§āύāĨ¤
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02. What are the epic qualities found in Cowley’s Davideis? Discuss.
Abraham Cowleyâs Davideis is an ambitious attempt to write an English epic based on the biblical story of King David. Cowley planned the poem in twelve books, following the model of Virgilâs Aeneid, but completed only four. Although unfinished, Davideis contains several important features associated with epic poetry, including a grand subject, a heroic central figure, supernatural machinery, battles and adventures, elevated style, and an elaborate narrative structure. At the same time, as Samuel Johnson points out in The Life of Cowley, these epic qualities are weakened by Cowleyâs excessive use of conceits, learned allusions, digressions, and an imperfect structure.
A Grand and Heroic Subject
The first essential quality of an epic is the greatness of its subject. Cowley chooses the life of David, a biblical king whose story involves kingship, warfare, faith, loyalty, temptation, and divine providence. Such a subject is naturally suited to epic treatment because it connects the individual hero with the history and destiny of a nation. Cowley therefore attempts to transform sacred history into a large-scale heroic narrative.However, Johnson also identifies a serious difficulty in this choice. Sacred history already possesses a special authority and simplicity in the minds of readers. Because readers approach biblical events with religious reverence, poetic amplification may appear unnecessary or even inappropriate. Johnson argues that events involving the visible intervention of divine power are difficult for human imagination to embellish successfully. Thus, the very greatness of Cowleyâs subject creates a problem for his epic ambition.
David as the Epic Hero
Another major epic quality is the presence of a heroic central figure. David is presented as a powerful and heroic character whose life involves danger, warfare, leadership, and moral struggle. Cowley gives him both physical courage and psychological strength. Johnson particularly praises Cowleyâs treatment of Saul, saying that he gives Saul âboth the body and mind of a hero.âDavidâs heroic status is strengthened by the scale of the difficulties surrounding him. He is not merely an ordinary individual; his personal experiences are connected with political and religious history. His character therefore possesses the larger significance expected of an epic hero.
Twelve-Book Design and Epic Scale
Cowley consciously follows the classical epic tradition in the structure of Davideis. He intended the poem to contain twelve books, simply because Virgilâs Aeneid had twelve. This demonstrates the scale of his ambition and his desire to establish Davideis within the classical epic tradition.Unfortunately, Cowley completed only four books. Johnson observes that this incompleteness is a serious limitation because the reader cannot fully understand the development of the action, the characters, or the complete structure of the poem. The unfinished condition of Davideis therefore prevents it from achieving the full scope of a successful epic.
Supernatural and Divine Elements
Supernatural machinery is another important feature of epic poetry. In Davideis, Cowley introduces divine and infernal beings and presents the biblical world as one in which supernatural forces influence human affairs. The presence of God, angels, Lucifer, and other supernatural agents gives the story a cosmic dimension.The treatment of Lucifer is especially important. When Saul is troubled by an evil spirit, Cowley uses the occasion to describe Hell and the history of Lucifer. Johnson, however, considers this treatment problematic. Lucifer and the infernal beings are given elaborate speeches and actions that introduce elements Johnson regards as inappropriate to the sacred subject. The supernatural machinery therefore demonstrates Cowleyâs epic ambition but also exposes one of his major artistic weaknesses.
Battles, Adventures, and Heroic Action
Epic poetry normally contains battles, adventures, conflicts, and heroic actions. Davideis draws upon the military and political struggles surrounding David and Saul. Such events provide the poem with movement and dramatic possibilities. They also allow the hero to demonstrate courage, leadership, loyalty, and endurance.The presence of warfare connects Davideis with the traditional epic world of heroic action. Cowley attempts to transform biblical history into a narrative of large-scale conflict in which individual courage and divine purpose operate together.
Elevated Style and Grand Language
An epic subject generally demands an elevated style. Cowley attempts to meet this requirement through elaborate descriptions, metaphors, similes, learned references, and imaginative language. His learning is evident throughout the poem, and his descriptions often demonstrate considerable intellectual power.Johnson, however, makes an important distinction between grandeur of subject and success of expression. Cowleyâs language is not always genuinely sublime. Instead, he frequently substitutes intellectual conceits for concrete poetic imagery. Johnson observes that Cowley often gives âinferences instead of imagesâ; he does not always show the reader what might actually have been seen but instead explains what the sight might suggest.
Rich Imagery and Poetic Description
Description is one of the major sources of epic pleasure. Cowley certainly attempts to provide elaborate imagery. His description of Gabriel, for instance, constructs the supernatural figure through an elaborate combination of clouds, colours, stars, rainbow, and other elements of nature.Yet Johnson finds this type of imagery excessive. Instead of allowing the reader to form a general and powerful image, Cowley breaks it into numerous small details. Johnson compares the process to the work of a mercer or tailor. What might have been a grand picture becomes an accumulation of decorative particulars. Thus, Cowley possesses imagination, but his lack of restraint often weakens its poetic effect.
Complex Plot and Narrative Devices
Johnson notes that the plot of Davideis is âimplex,â meaning that it contains a complicated or interconnected structure. Cowley uses several traditional epic devices. The past is recalled through narration, while the future is anticipated through visions. These techniques show his familiarity with classical epic models and demonstrate considerable narrative skill.Johnson nevertheless doubts whether Cowley could have sustained these devices throughout all twelve intended books. Since the poem already makes extensive use of these techniques in its four completed books, continuing the poem might have required him to repeat the same methods. The narrative therefore displays both Cowleyâs learning and the difficulties created by his elaborate method.
Epic Learning and Classical Influence
Davideis is also epic in its enormous range of learning. Cowley was a deeply learned poet, and his poem reflects his familiarity with classical literature, mythology, theology, philosophy, and other branches of knowledge. His ambition was not merely to tell Davidâs story but to surround it with the intellectual richness expected of a great literary work.However, Johnson sees this learning as both a strength and a weakness. When knowledge serves the poem, it adds richness; when it becomes excessive, it produces pedantry. Johnson argues that Cowley introduces pedantic learning more frequently than Tasso. Thus, the scholarly character of Davideis contributes to its epic scale but sometimes interferes with its poetic effectiveness.
The Weakness of Excessive Conceits
The greatest obstacle to the success of Davideis is perhaps Cowleyâs excessive reliance on conceits. Johnson complains that the poem is âspangled with conceitsâ and that conceits are virtually all that it supplies. Instead of presenting simple and powerful images, Cowley repeatedly turns ordinary objects and events into elaborate intellectual puzzles.For example, he describes Cainâs stone in terms of its possible function as a monument, and he transforms the sword of Goliath into an elaborate intellectual comparison. Such conceits demonstrate ingenuity but can weaken the heroic and emotional force that an epic requires.
Lack of Emotional Power
A great epic should not merely display learning; it should also move the reader. Johnsonâs final judgement on Davideis is severe in this respect. He says that in Cowleyâs works, including Davideis, readers are âsometimes surprised, but never delightedâ and find âmuch to admire, but little to approve.âThis is a crucial criticism. Cowleyâs intelligence is undeniable, but his intellectual brilliance does not consistently produce emotional involvement. His characters, events, and descriptions are often buried beneath learning and artifice. As a result, the poem possesses many external qualities of an epic without fully achieving the emotional power of the greatest epics.
Unfinished Structure and Limited Achievement
The unfinished nature of Davideis is its most obvious structural weakness. Cowley intended twelve books but completed only four. Consequently, the complete development of the plot, characters, and action cannot be judged. Johnson therefore argues that the loss of the remaining books is not greatly regrettable as a source of poetic pleasure, though the learning that might have appeared in them could have been valuable.The incomplete structure also prevents the poem from achieving the unity and comprehensive design expected of a major epic. What survives is essentially a fragment of a much larger project.
Critical Assessment
Davideis therefore contains many genuine epic qualities, but its achievement remains limited. Cowley had the ambition, learning, imagination, and intellectual resources necessary for epic poetry. He selected a grand biblical subject, created heroic figures, introduced supernatural machinery, planned a twelve-book structure, and employed the narrative devices of classical epic.Yet Johnson shows why these qualities alone are insufficient. Cowleyâs excessive conceits, elaborate learning, weak selection, abstract imagery, digressions, and careless language frequently prevent his poem from becoming truly great. His mind is âcapacious by nature, and replenished by study,â but his poetic judgement is not always equal to his learning.
In conclusion, Davideis possesses several important qualities of an epic: a grand and sacred subject, a heroic figure, a large-scale design, supernatural machinery, battles and adventures, elevated aspirations, elaborate descriptions, and extensive learning. These qualities reveal Cowleyâs determination to establish an English biblical epic in the classical tradition.Nevertheless, the poem does not fully succeed as a great epic. Its unfinished state, excessive conceits, pedantic learning, abstract imagery, digressions, and lack of sustained emotional power weaken its achievement. Johnsonâs criticism is therefore especially valuable because he recognizes both sides of Cowleyâs work. Davideis is the product of a remarkably learned and imaginative mind, but its epic ambition is greater than its artistic execution. As Johnsonâs broader assessment suggests, Cowley possesses abundant fertility of thought, yet suffers from ânegligent or unskilful selection.â
Davideis-āĻ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦā§āϝā§āϰ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāώā§āĻā§āϝ āĻāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰ
āĻāĻŦā§āϰāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻŽ āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋāϰ Davideis āĻāĻāϰā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāώāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦā§āϝ āϰāĻāύāĻžāϰ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āώ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āώā§āĻāĻžāĨ¤ āĻāϰ āĻāĻžāĻšāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻŽā§āϞāϤ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻŦā§āϞā§āϰ āϰāĻžāĻāĻž āĻĄā§āĻāĻŋāĻĄā§āϰ āĻā§āĻŦāύāĻā§ āĻā§āύā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻāϰ⧠āĻāĻĄāĻŧā§ āĻāĻ ā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋ āĻāĻžāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϞā§āϰ Aeneid-āĻāϰ āĻāĻĻāϰā§āĻļ āĻ āύā§āϏāϰāĻŖ āĻāϰ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻŦāĻžāϰā§āĻāĻŋ Books āĻŦāĻž āϏāϰā§āĻā§ āϰāĻāύāĻž āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻž āĻāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϞā§āύāĨ¤ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āĻļā§āώ āĻĒāϰā§āϝāύā§āϤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻāĻŋ Book āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻāĻŋāϞā§āύāĨ¤āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ Davideis āĻ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ, āϤāĻŦā§āĻ āĻāϤ⧠āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦā§āϝā§āϰ āĻŦā§āĻļ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāώā§āĻā§āϝ āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āϝā§āĻŽāύâāĻŽāĻšā§ āĻ āĻā§āϰāĻŦāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ, āĻŦā§āϰ āύāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻ, āĻ āϤāĻŋāĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āϤ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻĒāϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ, āϝā§āĻĻā§āϧ āĻ āĻ āĻāĻŋāϝāĻžāύ, āĻāύā§āύāϤ āĻ āĻāĻŽā§āĻā§āϰ āĻāĻžāώāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻāĻŋāϞ āĻāĻžāĻšāĻŋāύāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻŦā§ The Life of Cowley-āϤ⧠āϏā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āϝāĻŧā§āϞ āĻāύāϏāύ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āύ āϝ⧠āĻ āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻā§āϤ conceit, āĻĒāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋāϤā§āϝāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻāϞā§āĻāύāĻž, āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻāύā§āϝāĻŧ digression āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻŦāϞ āĻāĻ āύāĻļā§āϞā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖā§ āĻāĻ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦā§āϝ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻĒā§āĻāĻāĻžāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āύāĻŋāĨ¤
āĻŽāĻšā§ āĻ āĻŦā§āϰāϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ
āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦā§āϝā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāώā§āĻā§āϝ āĻšāϞ⧠āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧāĻŦāϏā§āϤā§āϰ āĻŽāĻšāϤā§āϤā§āĻŦāĨ¤ āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋ Davideis-āĻāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āϰāĻžāĻāĻž āĻĄā§āĻāĻŋāĻĄā§āϰ āĻā§āĻŦāύāĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻā§ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤ āĻĄā§āĻāĻŋāĻĄā§āϰ āĻā§āĻŦāύ⧠āϰāĻžāĻāϤā§āĻŦ, āϝā§āĻĻā§āϧ, āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ, āĻāύā§āĻāϤā§āϝ, āĻĒā§āϰāϞā§āĻāύ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻļā§āĻŦāϰā§āϰ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžâāϏāĻŦāĻāĻŋāĻā§āϰāĻ āĻāĻĒāϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤āĻāĻ āϧāϰāύā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦā§āϝā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻ āϤā§āϝāύā§āϤ āĻāĻĒāϝā§āĻā§, āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻāĻāĻāύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻā§āĻŦāύ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāϤāĻŋāϰ āĻāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏ āĻ āĻāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āϝā§āĻā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧā§ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋ āϤāĻžāĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻŦā§āϞā§āϰ āĻĒāĻŦāĻŋāϤā§āϰ āĻāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏāĻā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ āĻŦā§āϰāϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻāĻžāĻšāĻŋāύāĻŋāϤ⧠āϰā§āĻĒ āĻĻā§āĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻā§āώā§āĻāĻž āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤āϤāĻŦā§ āĻāύāϏāύ āĻāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāύā§āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝā§āĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āϏāĻŽāϏā§āϝāĻžāĻ āĻĻā§āĻāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāύāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻŦā§āϞā§āϰ āĻāĻāύāĻžāĻā§āϞā§āϰ āύāĻŋāĻāϏā§āĻŦ āĻĒāĻŦāĻŋāϤā§āϰāϤāĻž āĻ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦ āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻ āϧāϰā§āĻŽā§āϝāĻŧ āĻļā§āϰāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āĻāϏāĻŦ āĻāĻāύāĻž āĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻāϰā§āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϰ āĻ āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻā§āϤ āĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ āϞāĻāĻāĻžāϰ āĻ āύā§āĻ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻāύā§āϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦā§āĻŽāĻžāύāĻžāύ āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻŽāύ⧠āĻšāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώ āĻāϰ⧠āϝā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻāĻļā§āĻŦāϰ āϏāϰāĻžāϏāϰāĻŋ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻšāϏā§āϤāĻā§āώā§āĻĒ āĻāϰā§āύ, āϏā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻŽāĻžāύā§āώā§āϰ āĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻž āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āϏā§āĻ āĻāĻāύāĻžāĻā§ āĻāϰāĻ āĻŽāĻšāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāύā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻāϰāĻž āĻāĻ āĻŋāύāĨ¤ āĻĢāϞ⧠Davideis-āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻšā§ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧāĻ āĻāĻāύ⧠āĻāĻāύ⧠āϤāĻžāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āϏāĻŽāϏā§āϝāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧā§ āĻĻāĻžāĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤
āĻĄā§āĻāĻŋāĻĄ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦā§āϝā§āϰ āύāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻ
āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦā§āϝā§āϰ āĻāϰā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāώā§āĻā§āϝ āĻšāϞ⧠āĻāĻāĻāύ āĻŦā§āϰ āĻ āĻā§āύā§āĻĻā§āϰā§āϝāĻŧ āύāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻā§āϰ āĻāĻĒāϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋāĨ¤ Davideis-āĻ āĻĄā§āĻāĻŋāĻĄāĻā§ āĻāĻāĻāύ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ⧠āĻ āĻŦā§āϰ āĻāϰāĻŋāϤā§āϰ āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻāĻĒāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻā§āĻŦāύ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻĻ, āϝā§āĻĻā§āϧ, āύā§āϤā§āϤā§āĻŦ, āĻāύā§āĻāϤā§āϝ āĻāĻŦāĻ āύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻžāĻŽ āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻļāĻžāϰā§āϰāĻŋāĻ āϏāĻžāĻšāϏā§āϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻžāĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāύāϏāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻĻā§āĻāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤āĻāύāϏāύ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻļā§āϞā§āϰ āĻāϰāĻŋāϤā§āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧāύā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻāϏāĻž āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻŽāϤā§, āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋ āĻļā§āϞā§āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠âboth the body and mind of a heroâ āĻ āϰā§āĻĨāĻžā§ āĻāĻāĻāύ āĻŦā§āϰā§āϰ āĻļāĻžāϰā§āϰāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ āĻŽāĻžāύāϏāĻŋāĻ āĻā§āĻŖâāĻĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻĢā§āĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āϤā§āϞā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤āĻĄā§āĻāĻŋāĻĄā§āϰ āĻŦā§āϰāϤā§āĻŦ āĻāϰāĻ āϏā§āĻĒāώā§āĻ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻĒāĻžāĻļā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ āϏāĻŽāϏā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϞā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻā§āύ⧠āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻŽāĻžāύā§āώ āύāύ; āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻāϤ āĻā§āĻŦāύ āϰāĻžāĻāύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻ āϧāϰā§āĻŽā§āϝāĻŧ āĻāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏā§āϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āĻāĻā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āϝā§āĻā§āϤāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻāϰāĻŋāϤā§āϰ⧠āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦā§āϝā§āϰ āύāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻā§āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧠āĻŦā§āĻšāϤā§āϤāϰ āϤāĻžā§āĻĒāϰā§āϝ āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤
āĻŦāĻžāϰā§āĻāĻŋ Book-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻž āĻ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦā§āϝāĻŋāĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒā§āϤāĻŋ
āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋ Davideis-āĻāϰ āĻāĻ āύā§āĻ āϧā§āϰā§āĻĒāĻĻā§ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦā§āϝā§āϰ āĻāĻĻāϰā§āĻļ āĻ āύā§āϏāϰāĻŖ āĻāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϞā§āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻŦāĻžāϰā§āĻāĻŋ Book-āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻž āĻāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϞā§āύ, āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻžāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϞā§āϰ Aeneid-āĻāĻ āĻŦāĻžāϰā§āĻāĻŋ Book āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤āĻāϤ⧠āĻŦā§āĻāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϝ⧠āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āϞāĻā§āώā§āϝ āĻāĻŋāϞ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ āĻ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āώ⧠āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦā§āϝ āϰāĻāύāĻž āĻāϰāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ Davideis-āĻā§ āϧā§āϰā§āĻĒāĻĻā§ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦā§āϝā§āϰ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻŋāϤ āĻāϰāĻžāĨ¤āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻāύāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻāĻŋ Book āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻāĻŋāϞā§āύāĨ¤ āĻāύāϏāύā§āϰ āĻŽāϤā§, āĻāĻ āĻ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖāϤāĻž āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻŦāϞāϤāĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻ āĻāĻžāĻšāĻŋāύāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻļ, āĻāϰāĻŋāϤā§āϰāĻā§āϞā§āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŖāϤāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§ āĻāĻžāύāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āύ āύāĻžāĨ¤āϤāĻžāĻ Davideis-āĻāϰ āĻ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖāϤāĻž āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦā§āϝāĻŋāĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒā§āϤāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ āύā§āĻāĻāĻžāĻ āϏā§āĻŽāĻŋāϤ āĻāϰā§āĻā§āĨ¤
āĻ āϤāĻŋāĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āϤ āĻ āĻāĻļā§āĻŦāϰāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύ
āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦā§āϝā§āϰ āĻ āύā§āϝāϤāĻŽ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāώā§āĻā§āϝ āĻšāϞ⧠supernatural machinery āĻŦāĻž āĻ āϤāĻŋāĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āϤ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻĒāϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋāĨ¤ Davideis-āĻ āĻāĻļā§āĻŦāϰ, āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻĻā§āϤ, Lucifer āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āύā§āϝāĻžāύā§āϝ āĻ āϤāĻŋāĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āϤ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻĒāϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤āĻāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧠āĻāĻžāĻšāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻļā§āϧ⧠āĻŽāĻžāύā§āώā§āϰ āĻāĻāϤā§āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āϏā§āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āϧ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āύāĻž; āĻŦāϰāĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻšāϤā§āϤāϰ cosmic āĻŦāĻž āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻāĻžāĻāϤāĻŋāĻ āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰāĻž āϞāĻžāĻ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ Lucifer-āĻāϰ āĻāĻĒāϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ āĻāϞā§āϞā§āĻāϝā§āĻā§āϝāĨ¤ āĻļā§āϞ āϝāĻāύ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻļā§āĻ āĻāϤā§āĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āϏāĻŽāϏā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϰāϏā§āϤ āĻšāύ, āϤāĻāύ āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋ āϏā§āĻ āϏā§āϝā§āĻā§ Hell āĻŦāĻž āύāϰāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ Lucifer-āĻāϰ āĻāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āĻŦāĻŋāϏā§āϤā§āϤ āĻāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰā§āύāĨ¤āϤāĻŦā§ āĻāύāϏāύ āĻāĻ āĻ āĻāĻļāĻāĻŋāĻā§ āϏāĻŽāϏā§āϝāĻžāĻāύāĻ āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻŽāύ⧠āĻāϰā§āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻŽāϤā§, Lucifer āĻ āĻ āύā§āϝāĻžāύā§āϝ āĻ āĻļā§āĻ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻā§ āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻ āĻŦāĻā§āϤāĻŦā§āϝ āĻ āύāĻžāύāĻž āĻāϰā§āĻŽāĻāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āĻāĻĒāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧠āĻĒāĻŦāĻŋāϤā§āϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻŦā§āϞāĻāĻŋāϤā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧā§āϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻž āĻ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻā§āĻāϏā§āϝ āϤā§āϰāĻŋ āĻšāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤āĻ āϤāĻāĻŦ, supernatural machinery āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦā§āϝāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āώāĻžāĻā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāϰāϞā§āĻ āĻāĻāĻ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻļāĻŋāϞā§āĻĒāĻāϤ āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻŦāϞāϤāĻžāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
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āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦā§āϝ⧠āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ āϝā§āĻĻā§āϧ, āĻ āĻāĻŋāϝāĻžāύ, āϏāĻāĻāϰā§āώ āĻ āĻŦā§āϰāϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻāĻžāĻā§āϰ āĻāĻĒāϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤ Davideis-āĻ āĻĄā§āĻāĻŋāĻĄ āĻ āĻļā§āϞāĻā§ āĻāĻŋāϰ⧠āϰāĻžāĻāύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻ āϏāĻžāĻŽāϰāĻŋāĻ āϏāĻāĻāĻžāϤ āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤āĻāĻ āϝā§āĻĻā§āϧ āĻ āϏāĻāĻāϰā§āώ āĻāĻžāĻšāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāϤāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ āĻ āύāĻžāĻāĻā§āϝāĻŧ āĻāϰ⧠āϤā§āϞā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āĻāĻā§āϞā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āĻĄā§āĻāĻŋāĻĄā§āϰ āϏāĻžāĻšāϏ, āύā§āϤā§āϤā§āĻŦ, āĻāύā§āĻāϤā§āϝ āĻ āϏāĻšāύāĻļā§āϞāϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻĒāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤āϝā§āĻĻā§āϧā§āϰ āĻāĻĒāϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ Davideis-āĻā§ āĻāϤāĻŋāĻšā§āϝāĻŦāĻžāĻšā§ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦā§āϝā§āϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āϝā§āĻā§āϤ āĻāϰā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻŦā§āϞā§āϰ āĻāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏāĻā§ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻ āĻŦā§āĻšā§ āϏāĻāĻāϰā§āώā§āϰ āĻāĻžāĻšāĻŋāύāĻŋāϤ⧠āϰā§āĻĒ āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻā§āϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āύ āϝā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻŽāĻžāύā§āώā§āϰ āĻŦā§āϰāϤā§āĻŦ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻļā§āĻŦāϰā§āϰ āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝ āĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻžāĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
āĻāύā§āύāϤ āĻāĻžāώāĻžāĻļā§āϞ⧠āĻ āĻāĻŽā§āĻā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļāĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋ
āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦā§āϝā§āϰ āĻŽāĻšā§ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧā§āϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāύā§āύāϤ āĻ āĻāĻŽā§āĻā§āϰ āĻāĻžāώāĻžāĻļā§āϞ⧠āϝā§āĻā§āϤ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋ āĻāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻāύ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŖā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻ āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāύāĻž, metaphor, simile, āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ, āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋāϤ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻžāĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻŖ āĻāĻžāώāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ āĻĒāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋāϤā§āϝ Davideis-āĻāϰ āϏāϰā§āĻŦāϤā§āϰ āĻĻā§āĻāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϝāĻĨā§āώā§āĻ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻŦā§āϤā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āĻāύāϏāύ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧā§āϰ āĻŽāĻšāϤā§āϤā§āĻŦ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻžāώāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϤ āĻŽāĻšāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĻĨāĻā§āϝ āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻŽāϤā§, āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻžāώāĻž āϏāĻŦ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āϏāϤā§āϝāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ āĻ āϰā§āĻĨā§ sublime āĻŦāĻž āĻŽāĻšāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāύā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧā§ āĻāĻ ā§āύāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ āύā§āĻ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŦ āĻ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ⧠poetic image-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠intellectual conceit āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤āĻāύāϏāύā§āϰ āĻāĻžāώāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋ āĻ āύā§āĻ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ âinferences instead of imagesâ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤ āĻ āϰā§āĻĨāĻžā§ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻā§āϰ āĻā§āĻā§āϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāύ⧠āĻā§āĻŦāύā§āϤ āĻāϰ⧠āϤā§āϞāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻĻāϞ⧠āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϏā§āĻ āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻā§ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤
āϏāĻŽā§āĻĻā§āϧ āĻāĻŋāϤā§āϰāĻāϞā§āĻĒ āĻ āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāύāĻž
āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāύāĻž āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦā§āϝā§āϰ āĻāύāύā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻ āύā§āϝāϤāĻŽ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻā§āϏāĨ¤ āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋ Davideis-āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāϏā§āϤā§āϤ āĻ āĻ āϞāĻāĻāĻžāϰāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāύāĻž āĻĻā§āĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻā§āώā§āĻāĻž āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ Gabriel-āĻāϰ āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāύāĻž āĻāϞā§āϞā§āĻ āĻāϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻŽā§āĻ, āϰāĻ, āϤāĻžāϰāĻž, āϰāĻžāĻŽāϧāύ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāύā§āύ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰ⧠āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻāĻ āĻ āϤāĻŋāĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āϤ āĻāϰāĻŋāϤā§āϰāĻāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŋāϤā§āϰ āϤā§āϰāĻŋ āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āĻāύāϏāύ āĻāĻ āϧāϰāύā§āϰ āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāύāĻžāĻā§ āĻ āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻā§āϤ āĻŽāύ⧠āĻāϰā§āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻŽāϤā§, āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ āĻ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ⧠āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻā§āϰāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āϤā§āϰāĻŋ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋ āϏā§āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ āϏāĻāĻā§āϝ āĻā§āĻ āĻā§āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāϰāĻŖā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϰ⧠āĻĢā§āϞā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤āĻāύāϏāύ āĻāĻ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻāĻāύ mercer āĻŦāĻž tailor-āĻāϰ āĻāĻžāĻā§āϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āϤā§āϞāύāĻž āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤ āĻ āϰā§āĻĨāĻžā§, āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āϏā§āύā§āĻĻāϰ āĻ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻā§āϰāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻ āύā§āĻ āĻā§āĻ āĻā§āĻ āĻ āϞāĻāĻāĻžāϰāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻ āĻāĻļ āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧā§ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤āĻĢāϞ⧠āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻžāĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āϝāĻĨā§āώā§āĻ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ⧠āĻšāϞā§āĻ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āϏāĻāϝāĻŽā§āϰ āĻ āĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻ āύā§āĻ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āϏā§āĻ āĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻžāϰ āϏā§āύā§āĻĻāϰā§āϝ āύāώā§āĻ āĻāϰā§āĻā§āĨ¤
āĻāĻāĻŋāϞ Plot āĻ Narrative Devices
āĻāύāϏāύā§āϰ āĻŽāϤā§, Davideis-āĻāϰ plot āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻžāĻšāĻŋāύāĻŋ âimplexâ, āĻ āϰā§āĻĨāĻžā§ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻŋāϞ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāύā§āύ āĻāĻāύāĻžāϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰāϏā§āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻ āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦā§āϝā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāϞāĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāύā§āύ narrative device āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤ āĻ āϤā§āϤā§āϰ āĻāĻāύāĻž āĻāĻāύ⧠āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāϰāĻŋāϤā§āϰā§āϰ āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāύāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āϤā§āϞ⧠āϧāϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āϝāϤā§āϰ āĻāĻāύāĻž vision āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āϝāĻĻāϰā§āĻļāύā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋāϤ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤āĻāϏāĻŦ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϝ⧠āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋ āϧā§āϰā§āĻĒāĻĻā§ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦā§āϝā§āϰ āϰā§āϤāĻŋāĻā§āϞ⧠āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§ āϝāĻĨā§āώā§āĻ āĻā§āĻāĻžāύ āϰāĻžāĻāϤā§āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ narrative skill-āĻ āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤āϤāĻŦā§ āĻāύāϏāύ āϏāύā§āĻĻā§āĻš āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāϰā§āύ āϝ⧠āĻŦāĻžāϰā§āĻāĻŋ Book āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧā§ āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋ āĻāĻ āĻā§āĻļāϞāĻā§āϞ⧠āϏāĻĢāϞāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āϧāϰ⧠āϰāĻžāĻāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰāϤā§āύ āĻāĻŋ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻžāϰāĻāĻŋ Book-āĻāϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝā§āĻ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻāϏāĻŦ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋ āĻ āύā§āĻ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤ āĻĒāϰāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠āĻ āĻāĻļā§ āĻāĻā§āϞ⧠āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϞ⧠āĻāĻāĻā§āϝāĻŧā§āĻŽāĻŋ āϤā§āϰāĻŋ āĻšāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰāϤāĨ¤āϤāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ āĻāĻāĻŋāϞ narrative technique āϝā§āĻŽāύ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋāϤā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāϰā§, āϤā§āĻŽāύāĻŋ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻ āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻā§āϤ āĻā§āĻļāϞāύāĻŋāϰā§āĻāϰāϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāϏā§āϝāĻžāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦā§āϝāĻŋāĻ āĻĒāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋāϤā§āϝ āĻ Classical Influence
Davideis-āĻāϰ āĻāϰā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāϞā§āϞā§āĻāϝā§āĻā§āϝ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦā§āϝāĻŋāĻ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāώā§āĻā§āϝ āĻšāϞ⧠āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒā§āϞ āĻĒāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋāϤā§āϝāĨ¤āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋ āĻāĻŋāϞā§āύ āĻ āϤā§āϝāύā§āϤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāύ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϝāĻŧ classical literature, mythology, theology, philosophy āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāύā§āύ āϧāϰāύā§āϰ āĻā§āĻāĻžāύā§āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāϝāĻŧ āĻĒāĻžāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻļā§āϧ⧠āĻĄā§āĻāĻŋāĻĄā§āϰ āĻāĻžāĻšāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻŦāϞāϤ⧠āĻāĻžāύāύāĻŋ; āĻŦāϰāĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāύ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝāĻāϰā§āĻŽā§āϰ āĻāĻĒāϝā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒā§āϞ āĻā§āĻāĻžāύ āĻ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻŦā§āĻļ āĻāĻāĻžāϤ⧠āĻā§āϝāĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāϞā§āύāĨ¤āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āĻāύāϏāύā§āϰ āĻŽāϤā§, āĻāĻ āĻĒāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋāϤā§āϝ āĻāĻāĻ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻŦāϞāϤāĻžāĨ¤ āϝāĻāύ āĻā§āĻāĻžāύ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāĻā§ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĻā§āϧ āĻāϰā§, āϤāĻāύ āϤāĻž āĻŽā§āϞā§āϝāĻŦāĻžāύ; āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āϝāĻāύ āĻā§āĻāĻžāύ āĻ āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧā§ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻāύ āϤāĻž pedantry āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋāϤā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāϰā§āĻļāύ⧠āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŖāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤āĻāύāϏāύā§āϰ āĻŽāϤā§, āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋ āϤāĻžāϏā§āϰ (Tasso) āϤā§āϞāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāϰāĻ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ pedantic learning āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤āĻ āϤāĻāĻŦ, Davideis-āĻāϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋāϤā§āϝ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦā§āϝāĻŋāĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§, āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āĻ āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻā§āϤ āĻĒāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋāϤā§āϝ āĻ āύā§āĻ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϰ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ āϏā§āύā§āĻĻāϰā§āϝ āĻ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤāĻžāĻā§ āĻā§āώāϤāĻŋāĻā§āϰāϏā§āϤ āĻāϰā§āĻā§āĨ¤
āĻ āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻā§āϤ Conceit-āĻāϰ āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻŦāϞāϤāĻž
Davideis-āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĢāϞā§āϝā§āϰ āĻĒāĻĨā§ āϏāĻŦāĻā§āϝāĻŧā§ āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āĻŦāĻžāϧāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻŦāϤ āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻ āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻā§āϤ conceit-āĻāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰāĨ¤āĻāύāϏāύ āĻ āĻāĻŋāϝā§āĻ āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύ āϝ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāĻāĻŋ âspangled with conceitsââāĻ āϰā§āĻĨāĻžā§ āĻ āϏāĻāĻā§āϝ conceit āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āϝā§āύ āϏāĻžāĻāĻžāύā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻŽāϤā§, āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋ āĻ āύā§āĻ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧāĻā§āĻ āĻāĻāĻŋāϞ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϰ āĻā§āϞāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŖāϤ āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ Cain-āĻāϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻĨāϰāĻā§ āĻāϞā§āϞā§āĻ āĻāϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋ āϏā§āĻ āĻĒāĻžāĻĨāϰāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ monument āĻŦāĻž āϏā§āĻŽā§āϤāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻšā§āύ āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§, āϤāĻž āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āĻāĻāĻŋāϞ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻŦā§āϤā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āϤā§āϞāύāĻž āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤āĻāĻŦāĻžāϰ Goliath-āĻāϰ āϤāϞā§āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰāĻā§āĻ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻ āĻ āĻāĻāĻŋāϞ intellectual comparison-āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āĻāĻĒāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤āĻāϏāĻŦ conceit āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻŽāϤā§āϤāĻž āĻ ingenuity āĻŦāĻž āϏā§āĻāύāĻļā§āϞ āĻĻāĻā§āώāϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāϝāĻŧ āĻĻā§āϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āĻāĻā§āϞ⧠āĻ āύā§āĻ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦā§āϝā§āϰ āϏāϰāϞ, āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ⧠āĻ āĻāĻŦā§āĻāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻā§ āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻŦāϞ āĻāϰ⧠āĻĻā§āϝāĻŧāĨ¤
āĻāĻŦā§āĻā§āϰ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻ āĻāĻžāĻŦ
āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāύ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦā§āϝ āĻļā§āϧ⧠āĻĒāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋāϤā§āϝ āĻ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāϰā§āĻļāύ āύāϝāĻŧ; āϤāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻā§āϰ āĻŽāύ⧠āĻāĻā§āϰ āĻāĻŦā§āĻāĻ āϏā§āώā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāϰāĻŦā§āĨ¤āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠Davideis-āĻāϰ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠āĻāύāϏāύā§āϰ āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāύā§āϤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻ ā§āϰāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻŦāϞā§āύ, āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋāϰ āϰāĻāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻ âsometimes surprised, but never delightedââāĻ āϰā§āĻĨāĻžā§ āĻāĻāύ⧠āĻāĻāύ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāϏā§āĻŽāĻŋāϤ āĻšāύ, āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āĻāύāύā§āĻĻāĻŋāϤ āĻšāύ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻžāϰ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻŦāϞā§āύ, āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻ āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠âmuch to admire, but little to approveâ āĻā§āĻāĻā§ āĻĒāĻžāύāĨ¤āĻāĻ āĻŽāύā§āϤāĻŦā§āϝāĻāĻŋ āĻ āϤā§āϝāύā§āϤ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖāĨ¤āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻŽāϤā§āϤāĻž āύāĻŋāĻāϏāύā§āĻĻā§āĻšā§ āĻ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĨ¤ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻŦā§āϤā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻā§āĻā§āĻŦāϞāϤāĻž āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻā§āϰ āĻāĻŦā§āĻāĻā§ āϏā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻļ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧠āύāĻžāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻāϰāĻŋāϤā§āϰ, āĻāĻāύāĻž āĻ āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāύāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻ āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻā§āϤ āĻĒāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋāϤā§āϝ āĻ āĻā§āϤā§āϰāĻŋāĻŽ āĻ āϞāĻāĻāĻžāϰā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤āĻĢāϞ⧠Davideis-āĻ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦā§āϝā§āϰ āĻ āύā§āĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻšā§āϝāĻŋāĻ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāώā§āĻā§āϝ āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞā§āĻ āĻļā§āϰā§āώā§āĻ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦā§āϝā§āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧠āĻāĻā§āϰ āĻāĻŦā§āĻ āĻ āĻšā§āĻĻāϝāĻŧāϏā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻļā§ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻĻā§āĻāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āύāĻžāĨ¤
āĻ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§ āĻ āϏā§āĻŽāĻŋāϤ āϏāĻžāĻĢāϞā§āϝ
Davideis-āĻāϰ āϏāĻŦāĻā§āϝāĻŧā§ āϏā§āĻĒāώā§āĻ āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻŦāϞāϤāĻž āĻšāϞ⧠āĻāϰ āĻ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖāϤāĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāϰā§āĻāĻŋ Book āϞā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻž āĻāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϞā§āύ, āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻāĻŋāϞā§āύāĨ¤āĻĢāϞ⧠plot, character āĻāĻŦāĻ action-āĻāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻĻā§āĻāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāĻ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻā§āϰāĻŋāĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻžāĻ āĻ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤āĻāύāϏāύā§āϰ āĻŽāϤā§, āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻŋ Book-āĻā§āϞ⧠āύāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖā§ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝāĻŋāĻ āĻāύāύā§āĻĻ āĻā§āĻŦ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻāĻŽā§āĻā§ āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻĻā§āĻāĻ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āύā§āĻ; āϤāĻŦā§ āϏā§āĻā§āϞā§āϤ⧠āĻāϰāĻ āĻ āύā§āĻ āĻĒāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋāϤā§āϝāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āĻĨāĻžāĻāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰāϤ, āϝāĻž āĻŽā§āϞā§āϝāĻŦāĻžāύ āĻšāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰāϤāĨ¤āĻ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖāϤāĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖā§ Davideis āϏā§āĻ unity āĻāĻŦāĻ comprehensive design āĻ āϰā§āĻāύ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āύāĻŋ, āϝāĻž āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦā§āϝā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻāύā§āϝāĻŧāĨ¤
āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻā§āϰāĻŋāĻ āĻŽā§āϞā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ
āϏā§āϤāϰāĻžāĻ, Davideis-āĻ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦā§āϝā§āϰ āĻ āύā§āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϤ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāώā§āĻā§āϝ āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻŋāϞ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦā§āϝ āϰāĻāύāĻžāϰ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āώāĻž, āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒā§āϞ āĻĒāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋāϤā§āϝ, āĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻžāĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻŦā§āϤā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻžāĨ¤āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŽāĻšā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻŦā§āϞāĻāĻŋāϤā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āĻŦā§āĻā§ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āύ, āĻŦā§āϰ āĻāϰāĻŋāϤā§āϰ āϏā§āώā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύ, supernatural machinery āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύ, āĻŦāĻžāϰā§āĻāĻŋ Book-āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻž āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ classical epic-āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāύā§āύ narrative technique āĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āĻāύāϏāύ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āύ āϝ⧠āĻļā§āϧ⧠āĻāϏāĻŦ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāώā§āĻā§āϝ āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞā§āĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻŽāĻšāĻžāύ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦā§āϝ⧠āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŖāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āύāĻžāĨ¤āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻ āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻā§āϤ conceit, āĻ āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻā§āϤ āĻĒāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋāϤā§āϝ, āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻŦāϞ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāύ, abstract imagery, āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻāύā§āϝāĻŧ digression āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŦā§āĻā§āϰ āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻŦāϞāϤāĻž āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāĻā§ āĻ āύā§āĻ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻā§āώāϤāĻŋāĻā§āϰāϏā§āϤ āĻāϰā§āĻā§āĨ¤āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāύ âcapacious by nature, and replenished by studyââāĻ āϰā§āĻĨāĻžā§ āϏā§āĻŦāĻāĻžāĻŦāϤāĻ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻŽāύ āĻāĻŋāϞ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āϧā§āϝāϝāĻŧāύā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āϤāĻž āĻāϰāĻ āĻā§āĻāĻžāύāϏāĻŽā§āĻĻā§āϧ āĻšāϝāĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āϤāĻžāĻāϰ poetic judgement āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻžāĻŦā§āϝāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰāĻŦā§āϧ āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āϏā§āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒā§āϞ āĻā§āĻāĻžāύā§āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻāĻŋāϞ āύāĻžāĨ¤
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03. Consider Samuel Johnson’s Life of Cowley as a piece of literary criticism. â â â
Samuel Johnsonâs The Life of Cowley, included in Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets, is much more than a simple account of the life of Abraham Cowley. It is also an important piece of literary criticism. While presenting the major events of Cowleyâs life, Johnson examines his poetry, his literary theories, his style, his use of wit and conceits, and his position in the history of English poetry. Through Cowley, Johnson also develops his famous criticism of the metaphysical poets. Thus, The Life of Cowley successfully combines biography, literary history, critical analysis, and moral judgement.
Johnsonâs Critical Purpose
Johnson approaches literature with certain definite principles. He believes that poetry should represent human nature, communicate clearly, give pleasure, and possess lasting value. For him, poetry should not be merely a display of learning or cleverness. It should have a meaningful relationship with universal human experience.His criticism is therefore both aesthetic and moral. He examines not only whether a poem is technically skilful but also whether it affects the reader, represents life naturally, and offers something valuable beyond temporary intellectual amusement.
Johnson and the Metaphysical Poets
The most famous part of The Life of Cowley is Johnsonâs discussion of the metaphysical poets. Cowley becomes the representative figure through whom Johnson examines this school of poetry.Johnson recognizes that the metaphysical poets were highly learned and intellectually powerful. They possessed extraordinary abilities of reflection and comparison. However, he argues that they frequently used these abilities without sufficient artistic restraint.Their poetry is characterized by unusual comparisons, intellectual arguments, learned references, and elaborate conceits. Johnson believes that these features often make their poetry artificial and difficult.
The Theory of the Conceit
Johnsonâs most important critical contribution is his explanation of the metaphysical conceit. He famously says that the metaphysical poets brought together âheterogeneous ideasâ and joined them âby violence.âBy âheterogeneous ideas,â Johnson means things that naturally belong to very different categories. The metaphysical poet discovers an unexpected relationship between them and develops that relationship through an elaborate comparison.Johnson admires the intellectual ingenuity behind such comparisons, but he objects when the comparison appears forced. In his view, the poet sometimes sacrifices naturalness and emotional truth merely to demonstrate cleverness.
Wit and Excessive Intellectualism
Johnson does not reject wit itself. He acknowledges the metaphysical poetsâ extraordinary intellectual ability. His objection is to the excessive use of wit.According to Johnson, a poet should use intelligence in the service of poetry. When intellectual ingenuity becomes the main purpose of a poem, genuine emotion and beauty may disappear. The reader may admire the cleverness of an idea without being deeply moved by it.Thus, Johnsonâs criticism is essentially a criticism of wit without proportion and restraint.
Poetry and Universal Human Nature
Another important principle of Johnsonâs criticism is the idea of general or universal nature. He believes that great poetry should deal with experiences and emotions that are common to humanity.A poem should not depend entirely upon private experiences or obscure intellectual references. It should communicate something that readers across different periods can recognize and understand.This principle explains Johnsonâs dissatisfaction with much metaphysical poetry. The metaphysical poets frequently use private learning and complicated arguments that may prevent ordinary readers from immediately understanding their meaning.
Clarity and Accessibility
Johnson values clarity, simplicity, and intelligibility in poetry. He believes that literature should communicate effectively with its readers.The metaphysical poets, however, often demand considerable intellectual effort from the reader. Their poems contain difficult conceits, sudden transitions, learned allusions, and elaborate arguments.Johnson considers this a weakness because poetry should not become unnecessarily obscure. His criticism therefore reflects his belief that intellectual depth and clarity should exist together.
Poetry Should Delight and Instruct
Johnson also believes that literature should both please and instruct. Poetry should provide aesthetic pleasure, but it should also deepen the readerâs understanding of life.This moral dimension is central to Johnsonâs criticism. He judges poetry partly by its effect upon the readerâs mind and character. A poem that displays cleverness without offering emotional or intellectual value does not completely fulfil the purpose of poetry.
Johnsonâs Criticism of Cowley
Johnsonâs treatment of Cowley is balanced. He does not dismiss him as a worthless poet. On the contrary, he recognizes Cowleyâs remarkable learning, wit, scholarship, and intellectual power.Cowleyâs mind is exceptionally fertile. He can make surprising connections between distant ideas and can display extensive knowledge in his poetry. Johnson acknowledges these strengths.However, he believes Cowley often lacks proper selection and restraint. His abundant learning sometimes becomes pedantic, while his conceits can become excessive. As a result, his poetry may impress the intellect without producing sufficient emotional pleasure.
Criticism of The Mistress
Johnsonâs discussion of Cowleyâs The Mistress illustrates his critical method particularly well. He recognizes Cowleyâs ability as a love poet but objects to the excessive intellectualism of the poems.The use of elaborate conceits sometimes draws attention away from genuine love and emotion. Instead of allowing emotion to develop naturally, Cowley frequently turns it into an intellectual problem.Johnsonâs criticism here demonstrates his central principle: poetic ingenuity must remain subordinate to poetic feeling and natural expression.
Appreciation of Cowleyâs Achievement
Johnsonâs criticism is not entirely negative. He recognizes Cowleyâs contribution to English poetry, especially his use of the Pindaric ode. Cowley helped establish and popularize this form in English poetry.This appreciation is important because it proves that Johnson is capable of recognizing innovation even while criticizing a poetâs weaknesses. His judgement is therefore more balanced than a simple condemnation of Cowley would suggest.
Johnsonâs Neoclassical Outlook
Johnsonâs criticism reflects his position as an eighteenth-century neoclassical critic. He values order, proportion, decorum, harmony, clarity, and naturalness.These principles strongly influence his judgement of Cowley and the metaphysical poets. Their strange imagery, intellectual puzzles, irregularities, and unusual comparisons appear to Johnson as violations of good poetic taste.His classicism gives his criticism a coherent theoretical foundation. However, it also creates certain limitations.
Strength of Johnsonâs Criticism
One major strength of Johnsonâs criticism is its clarity. He expresses complex literary ideas in powerful and memorable language. His description of metaphysical poetry as the violent joining of âheterogeneous ideasâ remains one of the most famous formulations in English literary criticism.Another strength is his ability to identify the essential characteristics of a literary style. He does not merely say that Cowleyâs poetry is difficult; he explains the role of conceit, wit, learning, and intellectual comparison in producing that difficulty.
Strength: Balance and Fairness
Johnson is also remarkably balanced. He recognizes Cowleyâs strengths while identifying his weaknesses. He admires his scholarship and ingenuity but criticizes his excessive use of intellectual devices.This balance prevents Johnsonâs criticism from becoming a personal attack. His judgement is based upon definite literary principles.
Limitation: Underestimation of Metaphysical Poetry
Johnsonâs greatest limitation is that his neoclassical standards sometimes prevent him from fully appreciating the originality of metaphysical poetry.What Johnson considers an artificial conceit may also be seen as an imaginative attempt to connect thought and emotion. The unusual comparisons of metaphysical poetry can produce new ways of understanding love, religion, death, and other complex experiences.Johnson focuses more on the artificiality of the technique than on the imaginative power that lies behind it.
Limitation: Underestimation of Emotional Complexity
Johnson also tends to regard metaphysical poetry as excessively intellectual. Later critics have shown that metaphysical poetry can combine intense emotion with intellectual argument.The fact that an emotion is expressed through thought does not necessarily mean that the emotion is absent. In some metaphysical poems, intellectual conceits actually intensify the emotional experience.Thus, Johnsonâs criticism is valuable but not the final judgement on metaphysical poetry.
Limitation: Historical Perspective
Johnson also judges seventeenth-century poetry largely according to eighteenth-century neoclassical standards. He does not always consider sufficiently the religious, political, scientific, and intellectual conditions in which metaphysical poetry developed.A more historically sensitive approach might have helped him understand why these poets preferred difficult arguments and unusual combinations of ideas.
Later Reassessment of Johnson
Later critics, particularly T. S. Eliot, reassessed the metaphysical poets more positively. Eliot argued that the metaphysical poets possessed a special ability to unite thought and feeling. From this perspective, the conceit is not merely an artificial intellectual trick; it can become a powerful instrument for expressing complex experience.This later reassessment does not make Johnsonâs criticism worthless. Rather, it shows that literary criticism changes with different historical perspectives. Johnson identified genuine weaknesses in metaphysical poetry, but he did not fully recognize all of its strengths.
In conclusion, The Life of Cowley is a significant piece of literary criticism as well as a biography. Johnson uses Cowleyâs poetry to discuss larger questions concerning wit, conceit, universal human nature, clarity, emotion, poetic pleasure, morality, and artistic discipline.His famous criticism of metaphysical poetry is powerful because it clearly identifies the tendency to force distant ideas together through elaborate conceits. His judgement is strengthened by his clarity, balance, learning, and moral seriousness. At the same time, his strict neoclassical standards sometimes prevent him from appreciating the originality and emotional depth of metaphysical poetry.Therefore, The Life of Cowley should be regarded as a brilliant but historically conditioned work of literary criticism. Johnson does not provide the final word on Cowley or the metaphysical poets, but he provides an influential framework for understanding them. His combination of literary analysis, moral judgement, biography, and memorable prose makes The Life of Cowley one of the important landmarks of eighteenth-century English criticism.
āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝ-āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞā§āĻāύāĻžāϰ āϰāĻāύāĻž āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ Samuel Johnson-āĻāϰ The Life of Cowley
Samuel Johnson-āĻāϰ The Life of Cowley, āϝāĻž āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻžāϤ āĻā§āϰāύā§āĻĨ Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets-āĻāϰ āĻ āύā§āϤāϰā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ, āĻļā§āϧ⧠Abraham Cowley-āĻāϰ āĻā§āĻŦāύā§āϰ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāϰāĻŖ āύāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝ-āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞā§āĻāύāĻžāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āϰāĻāύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻā§āĻŦāύā§āϰ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻāĻāύāĻžāĻā§āϞ⧠āϤā§āϞ⧠āϧāϰāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻžāĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻŋ āĻāύāϏāύ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻž, āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤāĻž, āĻāĻžāώāĻžāĻļā§āϞā§, wit āĻ conceit-āĻāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻāϰā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϰ āĻāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏ⧠āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻ āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āĻāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋāĻā§ āĻā§āύā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻāϰ⧠āĻāύāϏāύ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ Metaphysical poets-āĻĻā§āϰ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤ āĻĢāϞ⧠The Life of Cowley āĻā§āĻŦāύā§, āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝ-āĻāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏ, āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝ-āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āϏā§āύā§āĻĻāϰ āϏāĻŽāύā§āĻŦāϝāĻŧ āĻšāϝāĻŧā§ āĻāĻ ā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Johnson-āĻāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞā§āĻāύāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝ
āĻāύāϏāύ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝāĻŋāĻ āύā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻŋāϤā§āϤāĻŋāϤ⧠āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤā§āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻŽāϤā§, āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāĻā§āĻŦāύ āĻ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āϝāĻĨāĻžāϝāĻĨ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž āĻāĻāĻŋāϤāĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻž āϏā§āĻĒāώā§āĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ āϰā§āĻĨ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāϰāĻŦā§, āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻāĻā§ āĻāύāύā§āĻĻ āĻĻā§āĻŦā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ āĻŽā§āϞā§āϝ āĻŦāĻšāύ āĻāϰāĻŦā§āĨ¤āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻļā§āϧ⧠āĻĒāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋāϤā§āϝ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāϰā§āĻļāύ āύāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻŽāĻžāύā§āώā§āϰ āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻāϤāĻž āĻ āĻ āύā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž āĻĻāϰāĻāĻžāϰāĨ¤āϤāĻžāĻ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāĻāĻ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ aesthetic āĻāĻŦāĻ moralāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻļā§āϧ⧠āĻĻā§āĻā§āύāύāĻŋ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻāϰāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāϤāĻāĻž āĻĻāĻā§āώ; āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻāϰāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύâāĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻā§āϰ āĻŽāύ⧠āĻā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻĢā§āϞā§, āĻā§āĻŦāύāĻā§ āĻāϤāĻāĻž āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āϤā§āϞ⧠āϧāϰ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻ āϏāĻžāĻŽāϝāĻŧāĻŋāĻ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϰ āĻāύāύā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϰ⧠āĻāϰ āĻā§āύ⧠āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ āĻŽā§āϞā§āϝ āĻāĻā§ āĻāĻŋ āύāĻžāĨ¤
Johnson āĻāĻŦāĻ Metaphysical Poets
The Life of Cowley-āĻāϰ āϏāĻŦāĻā§āϝāĻŧā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻžāϤ āĻ āĻāĻļ āĻšāϞ⧠Metaphysical poets āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§ āĻāύāϏāύā§āϰ āĻāϞā§āĻāύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠Cowley āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻāĻāύ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāύāĻŋāϧāĻŋ, āϝāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āĻāύāϏāύ āĻāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώ āĻāĻžāĻŦā§āϝāϧāĻžāϰāĻžāϰ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāώā§āĻā§āϝ āĻ āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻŦāϞāϤāĻžāĻā§āϞ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤āĻāύāϏāύ āϏā§āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻāϰā§āύ āϝ⧠Metaphysical poets āĻ āϤā§āϝāύā§āϤ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻŋāϤ āĻ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻāĻŋāϞā§āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻāĻĻā§āϰ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤāĻžāĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ, āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞā§āώāĻŖāĻā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āϤā§āϞāύāĻž āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āĻāĻŋāϞ āĻ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĨ¤āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻ āĻāĻŋāϝā§āĻ āĻšāϞā§, āϤāĻžāĻāϰāĻž āĻ āύā§āĻ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻā§ āϝāĻĨā§āώā§āĻ āϏāĻāϝāĻŽā§āϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰā§āύāύāĻŋāĨ¤āϤāĻžāĻāĻĻā§āϰ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ āϤā§āϞāύāĻž, āĻāĻāĻŋāϞ āϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ, āĻĒāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋāϤā§āϝāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ reference āĻāĻŦāĻ elaborate conceit-āĻāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻĻā§āĻāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāύāϏāύā§āϰ āĻŽāϤā§, āĻāϏāĻŦ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāώā§āĻā§āϝ āĻ āύā§āĻ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāĻā§ āĻā§āϤā§āϰāĻŋāĻŽ āĻ āĻāĻ āĻŋāύ āĻāϰ⧠āϤā§āϞā§āĨ¤
Conceit-āĻāϰ āϤāϤā§āϤā§āĻŦ
Metaphysical poetry āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§ āĻāύāϏāύā§āϰ āϏāĻŦāĻā§āϝāĻŧā§ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞā§āĻāύāĻžāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āĻ āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻšāϞ⧠conceit āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻžāĨ¤āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻžāϤāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦāϞā§āύ āϝ⧠Metaphysical poets âheterogeneous ideasâ-āĻā§ âby violenceâ āĻāĻāϤā§āϰāĻŋāϤ āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤âheterogeneous ideasâ āĻŦāϞāϤ⧠āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāύ āϏāĻŦ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻžāĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāύ, āϝā§āĻā§āϞ⧠āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻā§ āĻ āĻĒāϰā§āϰ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻāϞāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĨ¤ Metaphysical āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻāĻ āĻĻā§āϰāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧāĻā§āϞā§āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϤā§āϝāĻžāĻļāĻŋāϤ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻ āĻā§āĻāĻā§ āĻŦā§āϰ āĻāϰā§āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ āϏā§āĻ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻāĻā§ āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻ āĻ āĻāĻāĻŋāϞ āϤā§āϞāύāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰā§āύāĨ¤āĻāύāϏāύ āĻāĻ āϧāϰāύā§āϰ āϤā§āϞāύāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āĻāύ⧠āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻŽāϤā§āϤāĻžāĻā§ āϏā§āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻāϰā§āύāĨ¤ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āϝāĻāύ āϤā§āϞāύāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āϰ āĻāϰ⧠āϤā§āϰāĻŋ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻāύ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰā§āϧāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻāϰā§āύāĨ¤āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻŽāϤā§, āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻ āύā§āĻ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻāϤāĻž āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϤ āĻāĻŦā§āĻāĻā§ āϤā§āϝāĻžāĻ āĻāϰ⧠āĻļā§āϧ⧠āύāĻŋāĻā§āϰ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻŽāĻ āĻĻā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠āĻāĻžāύāĨ¤
Wit āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻā§āϤ Intellectualism
āĻāύāϏāύ wit-āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰā§āϧ⧠āĻāĻŋāϞā§āύ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ Metaphysical poets-āĻāϰ āĻ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻŦā§āϤā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻžāĻā§ āϏā§āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻāĻĒāϤā§āϤāĻŋ āĻāĻŋāϞ wit-āĻāϰ āĻ āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻā§āϤ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āϧā§āĨ¤āĻāύāϏāύā§āϰ āĻŽāϤā§, āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϰ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻŽāϤā§āϤāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāĻā§ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāϝā§āϝ āĻāϰāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āϝāĻĻāĻŋ intellectual ingenuity āĻŦāĻž āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻŽāĻāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝ āĻšāϝāĻŧā§ āĻāĻ ā§, āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϤ āĻāĻŦā§āĻ āĻ āϏā§āύā§āĻĻāϰā§āϝ āύāώā§āĻ āĻšāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤āĻāĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻ āĻšāϝāĻŧāϤ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϰ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻĒā§āϤ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻŽā§āĻā§āϧ āĻšāĻŦā§āύ, āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻšā§āĻĻāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āϏā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻļ āύāĻžāĻ āĻšāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤āĻ āϤāĻāĻŦ, āĻāύāϏāύā§āϰ āĻŽā§āϞ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻšāϞ⧠wit-āĻāϰ āĻ āϏāĻāϝāϤ āĻ āĻ āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻā§āϤ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰāĨ¤
Poetry āĻāĻŦāĻ Universal Human Nature
āĻāύāϏāύā§āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞā§āĻāύāĻžāϰ āĻāϰā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āύā§āϤāĻŋ āĻšāϞ⧠general nature āĻŦāĻž universal human nature-āĻāϰ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻžāĨ¤āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻŽāϤā§, āĻļā§āϰā§āώā§āĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻŽāĻžāύā§āώā§āϰ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻāϤāĻž āĻ āĻāĻŦā§āĻ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϞāĻŦā§, āϝāĻž āϏāĻŦ āϝā§āĻā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāύā§āώ āĻŦā§āĻāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻļā§āϧ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻāϤ āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻāϤāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ āϤāĻŋ-āĻā§āĻĒāύ āĻĒāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋāϤā§āϝāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āϤāĻĨā§āϝā§āϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻāϰ āĻāϰāĻŦā§ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻŦāϰāĻ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāϰāĻŦā§, āϝāĻžāϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāύā§āύ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧā§āϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻ āύāĻŋāĻā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻŽāĻŋāϞ āĻā§āĻāĻā§ āĻĒā§āϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āύāĨ¤āĻāĻ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖā§āĻ āĻāύāϏāύ Metaphysical poetry-āĻāϰ āĻ āύā§āĻ āĻ āĻāĻļ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āĻ āϏāύā§āϤā§āώā§āĻ āĻāĻŋāϞā§āύāĨ¤ āĻāϏāĻŦ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻāϤ āĻĒāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋāϤā§āϝ, āĻāĻāĻŋāϞ āϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻŦā§āϧā§āϝ āϤā§āϞāύāĻžāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϤ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āϝ⧠āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻā§āϰ āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ āϰā§āĻĨ āϏāĻšāĻā§ āϧāϰāĻž āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧā§ āύāĻžāĨ¤
Clarity āĻ Accessibility
āĻāύāϏāύ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϝāĻŧ clarity, simplicity āĻāĻŦāĻ intelligibility-āĻā§ āĻ āϤā§āϝāύā§āϤ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻŽāϤā§, āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻā§āϰ āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻāϰāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āύāĻŋāĻā§āϰ āĻŦāĻā§āϤāĻŦā§āϝ āĻĒā§āĻāĻā§ āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧠āϏāĻā§āώāĻŽ āĻšāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻāĻāĻŋāϤāĨ¤āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠Metaphysical poets-āĻāϰ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻ āύā§āĻ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻ āĻŋāύ conceit, āĻšāĻ āĻžā§ āĻāĻžāĻŦā§āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤāύ, learned allusion āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻāĻŋāϞ argument āĻĻā§āĻāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤āĻāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧠āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻāĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ āϰā§āĻĨ āĻŦā§āĻāϤ⧠āĻ āύā§āĻ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻŦā§āϤā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻļā§āϰāĻŽ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤āĻāύāϏāύā§āϰ āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻŦāϞāϤāĻžāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻŽāϤā§, āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻāύā§āϝāĻŧāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻŦā§āϧā§āϝ āĻšāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻāĻāĻŋāϤ āύāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞā§āĻāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āύā§āϤāĻŋ āĻšāϞā§âāĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻā§āϰāϤāĻž āĻ āϏā§āĻĒāώā§āĻāϤāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻžāĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž āĻāĻāĻŋāϤāĨ¤
Poetry Should Delight and Instruct
āĻāύāϏāύā§āϰ āĻŽāϤā§, āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝ āĻāĻāĻ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ delight and instruct āĻāϰāĻŦā§âāĻ āϰā§āĻĨāĻžā§ āĻāύāύā§āĻĻ āĻĻā§āĻŦā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻž āĻĻā§āĻŦā§āĨ¤āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻāĻā§ āϏā§āύā§āĻĻāϰā§āϝā§āϰ āĻāύāύā§āĻĻ āĻĻā§āĻŦā§, āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āĻāĻāĻ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻā§āĻŦāύ āĻ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§ āĻāĻĒāϞāĻŦā§āϧāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻŦā§āĨ¤āĻāĻ āύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻĻāĻŋāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāύāϏāύā§āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞā§āĻāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻ āϤā§āϝāύā§āϤ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ āĻāϰā§āύ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻā§āϰ āĻŽāύ āĻ āĻāϰāĻŋāϤā§āϰā§āϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻĢā§āϞā§āĨ¤āĻļā§āϧ⧠āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻŽāĻ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻāĻā§ āĻāĻā§āϰ āĻ āύā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŽā§āϞā§āϝāĻŦāĻžāύ āĻāĻĒāϞāĻŦā§āϧāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧠āύāĻž āĻĒāĻžāϰā§, āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧠āϏā§āĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻž āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝ āϏāĻĢāϞāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒāĻžāϞāύ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āύāĻŋāĨ¤
Cowley āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§ Johnson-āĻāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞā§āĻāύāĻž
āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋāĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻāύāϏāύ āϝāĻĨā§āώā§āĻ āĻāĻžāϰāϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϝāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻāĻŋāϞā§āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻāĻāύ āĻŽā§āϞā§āϝāĻšā§āύ āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻžāϤāĻŋāϞ āĻāϰā§āύāύāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻŦāϰāĻ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻĒāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋāϤā§āϝ, wit, scholarship āĻāĻŦāĻ intellectual power-āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻāϏāĻž āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāύ āĻāĻŋāϞ āĻ āϤā§āϝāύā§āϤ āĻāϰā§āĻŦāϰāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻĻā§āϰāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠āĻ āĻāĻŋāύā§āύ āϧāϰāύā§āϰ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻžāϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻļā§āĻāϰā§āϝāĻāύāĻ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻ āϤā§āϰāĻŋ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰāϤā§āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒā§āϞ āĻā§āĻāĻžāύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰāϤā§āύāĨ¤āĻāύāϏāύ āĻāϏāĻŦ āĻā§āĻŖ āϏā§āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤āϤāĻŦā§ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻŽāϤā§, āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻŦāĻā§āϝāĻŧā§ āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āϏāĻŽāϏā§āϝāĻž āĻāĻŋāϞ selection āĻāĻŦāĻ restraint-āĻāϰ āĻ āĻāĻžāĻŦāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒā§āϞ āĻĒāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋāϤā§āϝ āĻ āύā§āĻ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ pedantry āĻŦāĻž āĻ āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻā§āϤ āĻĒāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋāϤā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāϰā§āĻļāύ⧠āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŖāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ conceit-āĻāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰāĻ āĻ āύā§āĻ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰāĻžāϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧā§ āĻā§āĻā§āĨ¤āĻĢāϞ⧠āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻ āύā§āĻ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻā§ āĻŽā§āĻā§āϧ āĻāϰāϞā§āĻ āϝāĻĨā§āώā§āĻ āĻāĻŦā§āĻāĻāϤ āĻāύāύā§āĻĻ āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧠āύāĻžāĨ¤
The Mistress-āĻāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞā§āĻāύāĻž
āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋāϰ The Mistress āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§ āĻāύāϏāύā§āϰ āĻāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞā§āĻāύāĻžāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāϞ⧠āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖāĨ¤āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋāϰ love poet āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻĻāĻā§āώāϤāĻž āϏā§āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāĻā§āϞā§āϤ⧠āĻ āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻā§āϤ intellectualism-āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰā§āϧāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤āĻ āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻā§āϤ elaborate conceit-āĻāϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖā§ āĻ āύā§āĻ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϤ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŽ āĻ āĻāĻŦā§āĻ āĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϞ⧠āĻāϞ⧠āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻŦā§āĻāĻā§ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋ āĻ āύā§āĻ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŽāĻā§āĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ intellectual problem-āĻāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧠āĻāĻĒāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤āĻāĻāĻžāύā§āĻ āĻāύāϏāύā§āϰ āĻŽā§āϞ āύā§āϤāĻŋ āϏā§āĻĒāώā§āĻ āĻšāϝāĻŧā§ āĻāĻ ā§âpoetic ingenuity āĻŦāĻž āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻĒā§āϤāϤāĻž āĻ āĻŦāĻļā§āϝāĻ poetic feeling āĻ natural expression-āĻāϰ āĻ āϧā§āύ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝāĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāύā§āϰ āϏā§āĻŦā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ
āĻāύāϏāύā§āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āύā§āϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ āύāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻāĻāϰā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻ āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāύ āϏā§āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώ āĻāϰ⧠Pindaric Ode āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ⧠āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĨāĻž āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻāϞā§āϞā§āĻ āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋ āĻāĻāϰā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻ āϧāϰāύā§āϰ Ode-āĻā§ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻŋāϤ āĻ āĻāύāĻĒā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāϝā§āϝ āĻāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϞā§āύāĨ¤āĻāĻ āϏā§āĻŦā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ āϤā§āϝāύā§āϤ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖāĨ¤ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻāϰ⧠āϝ⧠āĻāύāϏāύ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϰ āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻŦāϞāϤāĻž āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰāϞā§āĻ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝāĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻ āύāϤā§āύāϤā§āĻŦāĻā§ āϏā§āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāϏā§āϤā§āϤ āĻāĻŋāϞā§āύāĨ¤āϤāĻžāĻ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰāĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āϧ⧠āϏāϰāϞ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻāĻĒāĻžāĻā§āώāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻā§āϰāĻŽāĻŖ āĻŦāϞāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āύāĻžāĨ¤
Johnson-āĻāϰ Neoclassical āĻĻā§āώā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋ
āĻāύāϏāύā§āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞā§āĻāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻ āώā§āĻāĻžāĻĻāĻļ āĻļāϤāĻā§āϰ Neoclassical āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻĻāϰā§āĻļā§āϰ āĻāĻā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦ āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ order, proportion, decorum, harmony, clarity āĻāĻŦāĻ naturalness-āĻā§ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤āĻāĻ āύā§āϤāĻŋāĻā§āϞā§āĻ āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋ āĻ Metaphysical poets-āĻĻā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄ āĻšāϝāĻŧā§ āĻāĻ ā§āĻā§āĨ¤āϤāĻžāĻāĻĻā§āϰ āĻ āĻĻā§āĻā§āϤ imagery, āĻāĻāĻŋāϞ intellectual puzzle, āĻ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ āϤā§āϞāύāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽāĻŋāϤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļāĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāύāϏāύā§āϰ āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻžāϞ⧠poetic taste-āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰā§āϧ⧠āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻŽāύ⧠āĻšāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤āĻ āϤāĻāĻŦ, āϤāĻžāĻāϰ Classicism āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞā§āĻāύāĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āϏā§āϏāĻāĻāĻ āĻŋāϤ āϤāĻžāϤā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŋāϤā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻŦā§ āĻāĻāĻ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āĻāĻ Classicism āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āϏā§āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻžāĻ āϤā§āϰāĻŋ āĻāϰā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Johnson-āĻāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞā§āĻāύāĻžāϰ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ
āĻāύāϏāύā§āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞā§āĻāύāĻžāϰ āĻ āύā§āϝāϤāĻŽ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻšāϞ⧠āϏā§āĻĒāώā§āĻāϤāĻžāĨ¤āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻŋāϞ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝāĻŋāĻ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻžāĻā§āĻ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ⧠āĻ āϏā§āĻŽāϰāĻŖā§āϝāĻŧ āĻāĻžāώāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰāϤā§āύāĨ¤ Metaphysical poetry āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ âheterogeneous ideasâ-āĻā§ âby violenceâ āĻāĻāϤā§āϰ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻā§āϤāĻŦā§āϝ āĻāĻāϰā§āĻāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝ-āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞā§āĻāύāĻžāϰ āĻāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏ⧠āĻ āϤā§āϝāύā§āϤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻžāϤāĨ¤āĻāϰā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āĻā§āĻŖ āĻšāϞā§âāϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻā§āύ⧠āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝāĻŋāĻ āϰāĻāύāĻžāϰ āĻļā§āϧ⧠āĻŦāĻžāĻšā§āϝāĻŋāĻ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāώā§āĻā§āϝ āĻāϞā§āϞā§āĻ āĻāϰā§āύāύāĻŋ; āĻŦāϰāĻ āϏā§āĻ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāώā§āĻā§āϝ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻĢā§āϞā§, āϤāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖāϏā§āĻŦāϰā§āĻĒ, āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻļā§āϧ⧠āĻŦāϞā§āύāύāĻŋ āϝ⧠Cowley-āĻāϰ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻāĻ āĻŋāύ; āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āύ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ conceit, wit, learning āĻāĻŦāĻ intellectual comparison āϏā§āĻ āĻāĻāĻŋāϞāϤāĻž āϤā§āϰāĻŋ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
āĻāĻžāϰāϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϝ āĻ āύā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāϏāĻāĻāϤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ
āĻāύāϏāύā§āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞā§āĻāύāĻžāϰ āĻāϰā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻšāϞ⧠āϤāĻžāĻāϰ balance and fairnessāĨ¤āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āϝā§āĻŽāύ āϏā§āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύ, āϤā§āĻŽāύāĻŋ āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻŦāϞāϤāĻžāĻ āϤā§āϞ⧠āϧāϰā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋāϤā§āϝ āĻ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻŽāϤā§āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻāϏāĻž āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύ, āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āĻāĻāĻ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻ āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻā§āϤ intellectual device āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰā§āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤āĻāĻ āĻāĻžāϰāϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϝ āĻāύāϏāύā§āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞā§āĻāύāĻžāĻā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻāϤ āĻāĻā§āϰāĻŽāĻŖ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻĻā§āϰ⧠āϰā§āĻā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝāĻŋāĻ āύā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻŋāϤāĨ¤
āϏā§āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻž: Metaphysical Poetry-āĻā§ āĻ āĻŦāĻŽā§āϞā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ
āĻāύāϏāύā§āϰ āϏāĻŦāĻā§āϝāĻŧā§ āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āϏā§āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻž āĻšāϞ⧠āϤāĻžāĻāϰ Neoclassical āĻāĻĻāϰā§āĻļā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖā§ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ Metaphysical poetry-āĻāϰ āĻŽā§āϞāĻŋāĻāϤāĻžāĻā§ āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻĒā§āϰāĻŋ āĻāĻĒāϞāĻŦā§āϧāĻŋ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āύāύāĻŋāĨ¤āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϝ⧠conceit-āĻā§ āĻā§āϤā§āϰāĻŋāĻŽ āĻ āĻā§āϰ āĻāϰ⧠āϤā§āϰāĻŋ āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻŽāύ⧠āĻāϰā§āύ, āϏā§āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ āύā§āϝāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āϏā§āĻāύāĻļā§āϞ āĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§āĻ āĻĻā§āĻāĻž āϝā§āϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤Metaphysical poets-āĻāϰ āĻ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ āϤā§āϞāύāĻž āĻ āύā§āĻ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŽ, āϧāϰā§āĻŽ, āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āύā§āϝāĻžāύā§āϝ āĻāĻāĻŋāϞ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻāϤāĻžāĻā§ āύāϤā§āύāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϰ āϏā§āϝā§āĻ āĻĻā§āϝāĻŧāĨ¤āĻāύāϏāύ āĻŽā§āϞāϤ āĻāĻ technique-āĻāϰ artificiality-āĻāϰ āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āύāĻāϰ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āύ; āĻāϰ āĻ āύā§āϤāϰā§āύāĻŋāĻšāĻŋāϤ imaginative power-āĻā§ āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āϝāĻĨā§āώā§āĻ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦ āĻĻā§āύāύāĻŋāĨ¤
āĻāĻŦā§āĻā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻŋāϞāϤāĻžāĻā§ āĻ āĻŦāĻŽā§āϞā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ
āĻāύāϏāύ Metaphysical poetry-āĻā§ āĻ āύā§āĻ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻ āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻā§āϤ intellectual āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻŽāύ⧠āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āĻĒāϰāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞā§āĻāĻā§āϰāĻž āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āύ āϝ⧠Metaphysical poetry-āϤ⧠āϤā§āĻŦā§āϰ āĻāĻŦā§āĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻŦā§āϤā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤāĻžāϰ āĻāĻŽā§āĻāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāύā§āĻŦāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻŦā§āĻāĻā§ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāϰāĻž āĻŽāĻžāύā§āĻ āϏā§āĻ āĻāĻŦā§āĻ āĻ āύā§āĻĒāϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤâāĻāĻŽāύ āύāϝāĻŧāĨ¤āĻŦāϰāĻ āĻ āύā§āĻ Metaphysical poem-āĻ intellectual conceit āĻāĻŦā§āĻāĻā§ āĻāϰāĻ āĻāĻā§āϰ āĻ āϤā§āĻŦā§āϰ āĻāϰ⧠āϤā§āϞāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤āϤāĻžāĻ āĻāύāϏāύā§āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻŽā§āϞā§āϝāĻŦāĻžāύ āĻšāϞā§āĻ Metaphysical poetry āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§ āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻļā§āώ āĻāĻĨāĻž āύāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
āĻāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏāĻŋāĻ āĻĻā§āώā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋāϰ āϏā§āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻž
āĻāύāϏāύ āĻŽā§āϞāϤ āĻ āώā§āĻāĻžāĻĻāĻļ āĻļāϤāĻā§āϰ Neoclassical āĻāĻĻāϰā§āĻļ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āϏāĻĒā§āϤāĻĻāĻļ āĻļāϤāĻā§āϰ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤āĻĢāϞ⧠Metaphysical poetry āϝ⧠āϧāϰā§āĻŽā§āϝāĻŧ, āϰāĻžāĻāύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ, āĻŦā§āĻā§āĻāĻžāύāĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻŦā§āϤā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļā§āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āϤā§āϰāĻŋ āĻšāϝāĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāϞ, āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āϏā§āĻ āĻāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏāĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻā§āώāĻžāĻĒāĻāĻā§ āϝāĻĨā§āώā§āĻ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦ āĻĻā§āύāύāĻŋāĨ¤āĻāϰāĻ āĻāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏāĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āϏāĻāĻŦā§āĻĻāύāĻļā§āϞ āĻĻā§āώā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻāϰāϞ⧠āĻšāϝāĻŧāϤ⧠āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰāϤā§āύ āĻā§āύ Metaphysical poets āĻāϤ āĻāĻāĻŋāϞ āϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ, āĻāĻ āĻŋāύ conceit āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāύā§āĻŦāϝāĻŧ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϞā§āύāĨ¤
āĻĒāϰāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧā§ Johnson-āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āύāϰā§āĻŽā§āϞā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ
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āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻļā§āώ⧠āĻŦāϞāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ, The Life of Cowley āĻļā§āϧ⧠āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ biography āύāϝāĻŧ; āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻļāĻžāϞ⧠piece of literary criticismāĨ¤āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāĻā§ āĻā§āύā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻāϰ⧠Johnson wit, conceit, universal human nature, clarity, emotion, poetic pleasure, morality āĻāĻŦāĻ artistic discipline-āĻāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧠āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āĻāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤Metaphysical poetry āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻžāϤ āĻŦāĻā§āϤāĻŦā§āϝâāϝā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ âheterogeneous ideasâ-āĻā§ âby violenceâ āĻāĻāϤā§āϰ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϞā§āĻā§āύâāϤāĻžāĻāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞā§āĻāύāĻžāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤāĻžāϰ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ āϏā§āĻŦāĻā§āĻāϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāϝāĻŧ āĻĻā§āϝāĻŧāĨ¤āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞā§āĻāύāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻā§āĻŖ āĻšāϞ⧠clarity, balance, learning āĻāĻŦāĻ moral seriousnessāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋāϤā§āϝ āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻāϏāĻž āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύ, āĻāĻŦāĻžāϰ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻ āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻā§āϤ conceit, intellectualism āĻ pedantry-āĻāϰāĻ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤āϤāĻŦā§ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻāĻ ā§āϰ Neoclassical āĻāĻĻāϰā§āĻļ āϤāĻžāĻāĻā§ Metaphysical poetry-āĻāϰ āĻŽā§āϞāĻŋāĻāϤāĻž āĻ āĻāĻŦā§āĻā§āϰ āĻāĻā§āϰāϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻĒā§āϰāĻŋ āĻāĻĒāϞāĻŦā§āϧāĻŋ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻ āύā§āĻ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻžāϧāĻž āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻĒāϰāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞā§āĻāĻā§āϰāĻž, āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώ āĻāϰ⧠T. S. Eliot, āĻāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāĻā§āϞā§āϰ āύāϤā§āύ āĻŽā§āϞā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤āϏā§āϤāϰāĻžāĻ, The Life of Cowley āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ brilliant but historically conditioned work of literary criticismāĨ¤ Johnson āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž Metaphysical poets āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§ āĻļā§āώ āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϞā§āύāύāĻŋ, āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āϤāĻžāĻāĻĻā§āϰ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ āϤā§āϝāύā§āϤ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞā§āĻāύāĻžāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§ āϤā§āϰāĻŋ āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤ āĻā§āĻŦāύā§, āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝ-āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞā§āĻāύāĻž, āύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ⧠āĻāĻĻā§āϝāĻļā§āϞā§āϰ āϏāĻŽāύā§āĻŦāϝāĻŧā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖā§ The Life of Cowley āĻ āώā§āĻāĻžāĻĻāĻļ āĻļāϤāĻā§āϰ āĻāĻāϰā§āĻāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝ-āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞā§āĻāύāĻžāϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻŽāĻžāĻāϞāĻĢāϞāĻ āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
04. Critically examine Johnson’s account of the metaphysical poetry in The Life of Cowley. â â â
Samuel Johnsonâs discussion of the metaphysical poets occurs in his famous essay The Life of Cowley. Although the essay is ostensibly a biography and critical assessment of Abraham Cowley, Johnson uses Cowley as a representative figure through whom he examines the larger poetic movement commonly associated with the seventeenth-century metaphysical poets. His account is one of the most influential pieces of literary criticism in English. It is remarkable for its wit, clarity, memorable formulations, and close attention to poetic technique. At the same time, Johnsonâs judgement is shaped by the classical and neoclassical standards of his own age. He therefore strongly criticises the metaphysical poets for their excessive intellectualism, far-fetched conceits, irregularity, and lack of emotional and aesthetic harmony. Yet his criticism is not entirely dismissive: he recognizes their learning, ingenuity, originality, and genuine wit. Thus, Johnsonâs account is best understood as a powerful but historically conditioned judgement.
The Distinctive Character of Metaphysical Poetry
Johnson begins by identifying the distinctive character of the metaphysical poets. According to him, these poets were united less by a common subject than by a particular manner of thinking and writing. They possessed an extraordinary fondness for intellectual ingenuity. They searched widely for materials for their poetry and were willing to draw comparisons from philosophy, science, religion, ordinary life, and the most unexpected areas of human experience. Their poetry therefore frequently brings together things that appear completely unrelated.
The Famous âHeterogeneous Ideasâ Theory
Johnson’s most famous criticism of this practice is that they âyoked by violence togetherâ the most heterogeneous ideas. The phrase is central to his theory of metaphysical poetry. By âheterogeneous ideas,â Johnson means ideas belonging to different categories or areas of experience. Instead of allowing a comparison to arise naturally from emotion or imagination, the metaphysical poet often deliberately discovers an unexpected intellectual relationship between two distant things. The result may be clever, but Johnson feels that it is frequently unnatural and forced.
Conceits and Intellectual Ingenuity
This criticism can be understood through the examples Johnson discusses. The metaphysical poets often transform ordinary emotional experiences into elaborate intellectual arguments. Love may become a disease, a medical problem, a chemical experiment, a journey, or a physical force. In the material supplied, Cowley compares the loverâs wound to a medical wound and asks his beloved to act like a physician. Elsewhere, love and the human heart are represented through the image of a hand grenade. Johnson considers such comparisons excessive because the intellectual ingenuity becomes more prominent than the emotion itself.
Novelty at the Expense of Decorum
Johnson also criticises the metaphysical poets for their tendency to prefer novelty above decorum. He observes that, because they sought novelty, they did not always ask whether their comparisons concerned things âhigh or low, elegant or gross.â In other words, they were willing to compare noble subjects with trivial or even unpleasant objects. This results in what Johnson regards as an unfortunate mixture of dignity and vulgarity. A poetic comparison should, in his view, be appropriate to the subject and should preserve a certain sense of decorum.
Disproportion and Absurdity in Conceits
The problem is therefore not simply that the metaphysical poets use unusual images. Johnson objects to the disproportion between the things compared. Their intellectual ambition often leads them to make the great resemble the small and the serious resemble the ridiculous. The examples from Cowley make this tendency particularly clear. A coal-pit can become comparable to the sun, a loverâs feelings can be explained through medical treatment, and a soul can be imagined as returning to a physical cage. Johnson regards some of these comparisons as âgrossly absurd,â because the intellectual conceit has become more important than poetic naturalness.
Wit versus Feeling
Another important part of Johnsonâs criticism concerns the relationship between thought and feeling. Johnson believes that poetry should not merely display intellectual cleverness; it should also affect the imagination and emotions. The metaphysical poets, however, frequently make poetry an exercise in wit and argument. Their poems often require the reader to follow a complicated chain of reasoning before appreciating the conclusion. Johnson therefore feels that their poetry appeals more strongly to the intellect than to the heart.
Johnsonâs Recognition of Their Wit
This does not mean that Johnson considers them unintelligent or incapable of genuine poetry. On the contrary, their intellectual power is precisely what he admires. He recognizes their âpowers of reflection and comparisonâ and their âgenuine wit.â Their minds are active, learned, and inventive. They are capable of discovering relationships between distant ideas that ordinary writers would never notice. Their weakness, according to Johnson, is that they use this power without sufficient artistic restraint.
Cowley as the Chief Example
The case of Cowley illustrates this problem particularly well. Johnson acknowledges that Cowley possessed a mind âcapacious by nature, and replenished by study.â He was extraordinarily learned and capable of producing new and striking thoughts. Yet Johnson repeatedly argues that Cowley lacks proper selection. He writes with âabundant fertility, but negligent or unskilful selection.â In other words, Cowley has too many ideas rather than too few, but he does not always know which ideas deserve poetic treatment. His poetry therefore contains passages of great brilliance alongside passages that appear trivial or absurd.
Careless Diction and the âDress of Thoughtâ
Johnsonâs criticism of metaphysical poetry also extends to language and versification. He argues that Cowleyâs diction is frequently careless and that he does not sufficiently understand the importance of the associations attached to words. Johnson famously compares language to the âdress of thought.â Just as noble thoughts can be degraded by unsuitable clothing, elevated ideas can lose their force when expressed in vulgar or inappropriate language. Poetry must therefore unite thought with appropriate diction.
Irregular Versification and Lack of Harmony
Johnson similarly complains about Cowleyâs irregular versification. He finds many of his lines harsh to modern ears and criticises his use of different measures, awkward rhymes, contractions, and combinations of verse. This criticism reflects Johnsonâs belief that poetry should possess musical order and formal discipline. He argues that the pleasure of verse depends partly upon a recognizable measure and structure. The metaphysical preference for intellectual freedom therefore appears to Johnson as a threat to poetic harmony.
Johnsonâs Balanced Judgement
However, Johnsonâs account should not be treated as a simple rejection of the metaphysical poets. One of its greatest strengths is that he recognizes their originality. He understands that they were not merely careless writers. They possessed enormous learning and intellectual energy. Their poetry is frequently surprising because their minds make connections that other poets would not attempt. Johnson admits that their thoughts can be ânewâ and âstriking.â His criticism is directed not at intellectual poetry itself but at the lack of proportion and selection in its execution.
The Influence of Neoclassical Taste
Johnsonâs judgement is also historically important because it reflects the neoclassical ideals of his period. He valued clarity, order, proportion, decorum, harmony, and controlled expression. From this standpoint, metaphysical poetry naturally appeared problematic. Its strange conceits, abrupt transitions, intellectual puzzles, mixtures of high and low imagery, and irregular rhythms violated many of the principles Johnson admired.
Limitations of Johnsonâs Criticism
Yet from a modern perspective, Johnsonâs criticism has limitations. He sometimes judges metaphysical poetry according to standards that do not fully account for its distinctive poetic method. What Johnson calls forced intellectual ingenuity may also be understood as an attempt to unite thought and emotion through surprising analogies. A conceit may initially appear strange but can reveal a deeper connection after reflection. Thus, the very feature Johnson regarded as a weakness can also be considered a source of metaphysical poetryâs originality.
T. S. Eliotâs Later Reassessment
Later criticism, especially that associated with T. S. Eliot, challenged the older judgement that metaphysical poetry was merely artificial and over-intellectual. Eliot valued the metaphysical poets precisely for their ability to combine intellectual thought with emotional experience. From this later perspective, Johnson underestimated the poetic value of the conceit because he approached it primarily through the standards of neoclassical taste.
The Lasting Value of Johnsonâs Criticism
Nevertheless, Johnsonâs criticism remains highly valuable. His account forces us to ask important questions about the nature of poetry: How far can intellectual ingenuity be pushed before it becomes artificial? What is the proper relationship between thought and feeling? Should poetry favour natural expression or surprising invention? How important are harmony, diction, and formal discipline? These questions make Johnsonâs discussion much more than a personal attack on Cowley.
âWit and Learning Unprofitably Squanderedâ
His assessment of Cowley is particularly balanced when he admits that âwit and learningâ are âunprofitably squandered.â The word âunprofitablyâ is significant: Johnson does not deny the existence of wit or learning; rather, he argues that these qualities have not always been converted into successful poetry. Similarly, he acknowledges that Cowley sometimes produces lines of genuine grandeur and that some of his conceptions deserve admiration.
In conclusion, Johnsonâs account of metaphysical poetry in The Life of Cowley is a brilliant, influential, and partly limited piece of criticism. He condemns the metaphysical poets for their excessive conceits, forced comparisons, intellectual extravagance, inappropriate diction, and irregular versification. His famous description of heterogeneous ideas being âyoked by violence togetherâ captures his central objection: intellectual ingenuity must not destroy naturalness, proportion, and emotional effect. At the same time, Johnson recognizes the poetsâ extraordinary learning, wit, originality, and intellectual power.His judgement is therefore not simply negative. He admires the very mental energy that he believes the poets sometimes misuse. His criticism reflects the neoclassical values of his age, whereas later critics have shown that metaphysical poetry can be appreciated for precisely those qualities Johnson found difficult to accept. Even so, Johnsonâs essay remains indispensable because it provides a penetrating account of both the strengths and weaknesses of metaphysical poetry and established a critical vocabulary through which generations of readers have approached the movement.
04. The Life of Cowley-āĻ Metaphysical Poetry āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§ Johnson-āĻāϰ āĻŽāϤāĻžāĻŽāϤ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞā§āĻāύāĻžāĻŽā§āϞāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰā§
Samuel Johnson-āĻāϰ The Life of Cowley āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāύā§āϧā§āĻ Metaphysical poets āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻžāϤ āĻāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāύā§āϧāĻāĻŋ āĻŽā§āϞāϤ Abraham Cowley-āĻāϰ āĻā§āĻŦāύ⧠āĻ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝāĻŋāĻ āĻŽā§āϞā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ, Johnson Cowley-āĻā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ representative figure āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰ⧠āϏāĻĒā§āϤāĻĻāĻļ āĻļāϤāĻā§āϰ Metaphysical poets-āĻĻā§āϰ āĻŦā§āĻšāϤā§āϤāϰ āĻāĻžāĻŦā§āϝāϧāĻžāϰāĻž āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āĻāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤ āĻāĻāϰā§āĻāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝā§āϰ criticism-āĻāϰ āĻāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏ⧠āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ āύā§āϝāϤāĻŽ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻļāĻžāϞ⧠āĻāϞā§āĻāύāĻžāĨ¤Johnson-āĻāϰ āĻāĻ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āϤāĻžāĻāϰ wit, clarity, memorable expressions āĻāĻŦāĻ poetic technique āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§ āĻāĻā§āϰ āĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻŦā§āĻā§āώāĻŖā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖāĨ¤ āϤāĻŦā§ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧā§āϰ classical āĻ neoclassical standards āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ Metaphysical poets-āĻĻā§āϰ āĻ āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻā§āϤ intellectualism, far-fetched conceits, irregularity āĻāĻŦāĻ emotional āĻ aesthetic harmony-āĻāϰ āĻ āĻāĻžāĻŦā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻāĻ ā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰā§āύāĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻžāϰ āϤāĻžāĻāĻĻā§āϰ learning, ingenuity, originality āĻāĻŦāĻ genuine wit-āĻā§āĻ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϏā§āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻāϰā§āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ Johnson-āĻāϰ āĻŽāϤāĻžāĻŽāϤāĻā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ⧠āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āĻāĻāĻ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ historically conditioned judgement āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻāĻŋāϤāĨ¤
The Distinctive Character of Metaphysical Poetry
Johnson āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽā§āĻ Metaphysical poets-āĻĻā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāώā§āĻā§āϝ āĻāĻŋāĻšā§āύāĻŋāϤ āĻāϰā§āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻŽāϤā§, āĻāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϰāĻž āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻāĻāϤā§āϰāĻŋāϤ āĻšāύāύāĻŋ; āĻŦāϰāĻ āϤāĻžāĻāĻĻā§āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻŽāĻŋāϞ āĻāĻŋāϞ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώ āϧāϰāύā§āϰ thinking āĻ writing-āĻāϰ manner-āĻāĨ¤āϤāĻžāĻāĻĻā§āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠intellectual ingenuity-āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āĻ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻāϰā§āώāĻŖ āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻāϰāĻž philosophy, science, religion, ordinary life āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŽāĻžāύā§āώā§āϰ āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϤā§āϝāĻžāĻļāĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāύā§āύ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύ āϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻš āĻāϰāϤā§āύāĨ¤ āĻĢāϞ⧠āϤāĻžāĻāĻĻā§āϰ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻ āύā§āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧāĻā§ āĻāĻāϏāĻā§āĻā§ āϤā§āϞāύāĻž āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϝā§āĻā§āϞ⧠āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ unrelated āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻŽāύ⧠āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
The Famous âHeterogeneous Ideasâ Theory
Metaphysical poets-āĻĻā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āϧ⧠Johnson-āĻāϰ āϏāĻŦāĻā§āϝāĻŧā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻžāϤ criticism āĻšāϞā§âāϤāĻžāĻāϰāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāύā§āύ âheterogeneous ideasâ-āĻā§ âyoked by violence togetherâ āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤āĻāĻāĻŋ Johnson-āĻāϰ Metaphysical poetry-āϰ theory-āĻāϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āύā§āĻĻā§āϰā§āϝāĻŧ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻžāĨ¤ Heterogeneous ideas āĻŦāϞāϤ⧠āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāύ āϏāĻŦ idea āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāύ, āϝā§āĻā§āϞ⧠āĻāĻŋāύā§āύ āĻāĻŋāύā§āύ category āĻŦāĻž experience-āĻāϰ āĻ āύā§āϤāϰā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤāĨ¤Metaphysical poet āĻ āύā§āĻ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ emotion āĻŦāĻž imagination āĻĨā§āĻā§ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ comparison āϤā§āϰāĻŋ āύāĻž āĻāϰ⧠āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āϤāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āϰāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧā§āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ intellectual relationship āϤā§āϰāĻŋ āĻāϰā§āύāĨ¤ āĻĢāϞ⧠comparison-āĻāĻŋ clever āĻŦāĻž ingenious āĻšāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§, āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠Johnson-āĻāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧠āϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻ unnatural āĻ forced āĻšāϝāĻŧā§ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
Conceits and Intellectual Ingenuity
Johnson-āĻāϰ āĻāĻ criticism conceit-āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āĻāĻžāϞā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ Metaphysical poets āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ emotional experience-āĻā§ āĻ āύā§āĻ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ elaborate intellectual argument-āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŖāϤ āĻāϰā§āύāĨ¤āϝā§āĻŽāύ, love-āĻā§ āĻāĻāύ⧠disease, medical problem, chemical experiment, journey āĻŦāĻž physical force āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻāĻĒāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ Cowley-āĻāϰ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϝāĻŧ lover-āĻāϰ wound-āĻā§ medical wound-āĻāϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āϤā§āϞāύāĻž āĻāϰ⧠beloved-āĻā§ physician-āĻāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧠āĻāĻāϰāĻŖ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻ āύā§āϝāϤā§āϰ love āĻāĻŦāĻ human heart-āĻā§ hand grenade-āĻāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧠unusual image-āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤Johnson-āĻāϰ āĻŽāϤā§, āĻ āϧāϰāύā§āϰ comparison-āĻ intellectual ingenuity āĻāϤ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦ āĻĒāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϝ⧠āĻŽā§āϞ emotion-āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϞ⧠āĻāϞ⧠āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
Novelty at the Expense of Decorum
Johnson Metaphysical poets-āĻĻā§āϰ novelty-āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āĻ āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻā§āϤ āĻāĻāϰā§āώāĻŖ-āĻāϰāĻ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰā§āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻāϰāĻž āύāϤā§āύ āĻ āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϤā§āϝāĻžāĻļāĻŋāϤ comparison āϤā§āϰāĻŋ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āϏāĻŦ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻĻā§āĻāϤā§āύ āύāĻž āϝ⧠comparison-āĻāĻŋ âhigh or low, elegant or grossâ āĻāĻŋ āύāĻžāĨ¤āĻ āϰā§āĻĨāĻžā§, āϤāĻžāĻāϰāĻž noble āĻŦāĻž dignified āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧā§āϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ trivial āĻŦāĻž unpleasant āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧā§āϰāĻ āϤā§āϞāύāĻž āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻž āĻāϰāϤā§āύ āύāĻžāĨ¤ Johnson-āĻāϰ āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻāĻŋ dignity āĻ vulgarity-āĻāϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ unfortunate mixtureāĨ¤āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻŽāϤā§, āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ poetic comparison āĻ āĻŦāĻļā§āϝāĻ subject-āĻāϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āĻāĻĒāϝā§āĻā§āϤ āĻšāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠decorum āĻŦāĻž āϝāĻĨāĻžāϝāĻĨ āϰā§āĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻļā§āĻāύāϤāĻž āĻŦāĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž āĻāĻāĻŋāϤāĨ¤
Disproportion and Absurdity in Conceits
āϏāĻŽāϏā§āϝāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻļā§āϧ⧠unusual imagery āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āύāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ Johnson āĻŽā§āϞāϤ comparison-āĻāϰ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧā§āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠disproportion-āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰā§āϧāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻāϰā§āύāĨ¤Metaphysical poets-āĻĻā§āϰ intellectual ambition āĻ āύā§āĻ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ āĻĒā§āĻāĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϝ⧠āϤāĻžāϰāĻž great-āĻāϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ small āĻāĻŦāĻ serious-āĻāϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ ridiculous āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧā§āϰ āϤā§āϞāύāĻž āĻāϰā§āύāĨ¤Cowley-āĻāϰ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖāĻā§āϞā§āϤ⧠āĻāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻŖāϤāĻž āϏā§āĻĒāώā§āĻāĨ¤ āϝā§āĻŽāύâāĻāĻāĻāĻŋ coal-pit-āĻā§ sun-āĻāϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āϤā§āϞāύāĻž āĻāϰāĻž, lover-āĻāϰ feelings-āĻā§ medical treatment-āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰāĻž, āĻ āĻĨāĻŦāĻž soul-āĻā§ physical cage-āĻ āĻĢāĻŋāϰ⧠āϝāĻžāĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧠āĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻž āĻāϰāĻžāĨ¤Johnson-āĻāϰ āĻŽāϤā§, āĻāϏāĻŦ comparison āĻāĻāύ⧠âgrossly absurdâ, āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠poetic conceit-āĻāĻŋ natural poetic expression-āĻāϰ āĻā§āϝāĻŧā§ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻšāϝāĻŧā§ āĻāĻ ā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Wit versus Feeling
Johnson-āĻāϰ criticism-āĻāϰ āĻāϰā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āĻšāϞ⧠thought āĻāĻŦāĻ feeling-āĻāϰ relationshipāĨ¤Johnson āĻŽāύ⧠āĻāϰā§āύ, poetry āĻļā§āϧ⧠intellectual cleverness āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāϰā§āĻļāύā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽ āύāϝāĻŧ; poetry-āĻā§ imagination āĻ emotion-āĻā§āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠Metaphysical poets āĻ āύā§āĻ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ poetry-āĻā§ wit āĻ argument-āĻāϰ exercise-āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŖāϤ āĻāϰā§āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻāĻĻā§āϰ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻŦā§āĻāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻāĻā§ āĻ āύā§āĻ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻŋāϞ chain of reasoning āĻ āύā§āϏāϰāĻŖ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤āϤāĻžāĻ Johnson-āĻāϰ āĻŽāύ⧠āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āĻāĻ poetry heart-āĻāϰ āĻā§āϝāĻŧā§ intellect-āĻāϰ āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻāĻŦā§āĻĻāύ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Johnsonâs Recognition of Their Wit
āϤāĻŦā§ Johnson Metaphysical poets-āĻĻā§āϰ āĻāĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰ⧠unintelligent āĻŦāĻž unpoetic āĻŽāύ⧠āĻāϰā§āύāύāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻŦāϰāĻ āϤāĻžāĻāĻĻā§āϰ intellectual power-āĻ āĻāĻŋāϞ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ admiration-āĻāϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖāĨ¤āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϤāĻžāĻāĻĻā§āϰ âpowers of reflection and comparisonâ āĻāĻŦāĻ âgenuine witâ āϏā§āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻāϰā§āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻāĻĻā§āϰ mind āĻāĻŋāϞ active, learned āĻāĻŦāĻ inventiveāĨ¤āϤāĻžāĻāϰāĻž āĻāĻŽāύ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āϰāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠idea-āĻāϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠relationship āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰāϤā§āύ, āϝāĻž āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāϤ⧠āĻāĻāύ⧠āĻā§āώā§āĻāĻž āĻāϰāϤā§āύ āύāĻžāĨ¤Johnson-āĻāϰ āĻŽāϤā§, āϤāĻžāĻāĻĻā§āϰ āĻāϏāϞ weakness āĻšāϞā§âāϤāĻžāĻāϰāĻž āĻāĻ intellectual power āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϞā§āĻ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āϝāĻĨā§āώā§āĻ artistic restraint āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻ āĻāϰā§āύāύāĻŋāĨ¤
Cowley as the Chief Example
Cowley āĻāĻ āϏāĻŽāϏā§āϝāĻžāϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖāĨ¤ Johnson āϏā§āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻāϰā§āύ āϝ⧠Cowley-āĻāϰ āĻāĻŋāϞ âcapaciousâ mind, āϝāĻž study-āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϰ āĻā§āĻāĻžāύ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻĻā§āϧ āĻšāϝāĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻ āϤā§āϝāύā§āϤ learned āĻāĻŋāϞā§āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ āύāϤā§āύ āĻ striking thoughts āϤā§āϰāĻŋ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰāϤā§āύāĨ¤ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠Johnson āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻŦāϞā§āύ āϝ⧠Cowley-āĻāϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠proper selection-āĻāϰ āĻ āĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ Cowley-āĻāϰ āϞā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ âabundant fertility, but negligent or unskilful selectionâ āĻĻā§āĻāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāύāĨ¤āĻ āϰā§āĻĨāĻžā§ Cowley-āĻāϰ ideas-āĻāϰ āĻ āĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻāĻŋāϞ āύāĻž; āĻŦāϰāĻ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻ āύā§āĻ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ ideas āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āĻā§āύ idea poetic treatment-āĻāϰ āϝā§āĻā§āϝ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻā§āύāĻāĻŋ āύāϝāĻŧâāϤāĻž āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāύ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āύāύāĻŋāĨ¤āĻĢāϞ⧠āϤāĻžāĻāϰ poetry-āϤ⧠āĻāĻāĻĻāĻŋāĻā§ āϝā§āĻŽāύ brilliant passages āĻāĻā§, āĻ āύā§āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻā§ āϤā§āĻŽāύ trivial āĻŦāĻž absurd passages-āĻ āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Careless Diction and the âDress of Thoughtâ
Johnson-āĻāϰ criticism āĻļā§āϧ⧠ideas āĻŦāĻž conceit-āĻāϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝā§āĻ āϏā§āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āϧ āύāϝāĻŧ; āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ language āĻ versification-āĻāϰāĻ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰā§āύāĨ¤āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻŽāϤā§, Cowley-āĻāϰ diction āĻ āύā§āĻ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ careless āĻāĻŦāĻ words-āĻāϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āϝā§āĻā§āϤ associations-āĻāϰ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϝāĻĨā§āώā§āĻ āĻŦā§āĻāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āύāύāĻŋāĨ¤Johnson āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻžāϤāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ language-āĻā§ âthe dress of thoughtâ-āĻāϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āϤā§āϞāύāĻž āĻāϰā§āύāĨ¤āϝā§āĻŽāύ āϏā§āύā§āĻĻāϰ āĻĒā§āĻļāĻžāĻā§āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠inappropriate āĻĒā§āĻļāĻžāĻ āĻĒāϰāĻžāϞ⧠āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ noble person-āĻāϰ āϏā§āύā§āĻĻāϰā§āϝ āύāώā§āĻ āĻšāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§, āϤā§āĻŽāύāĻŋ unsuitable language āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϞ⧠elevated thought-āĻāϰ force-āĻ āύāώā§āĻ āĻšāϝāĻŧā§ āϝā§āϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤āϤāĻžāĻ poetry-āϤ⧠thought-āĻāϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ appropriate diction-āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻŋāϞ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž āĻ āϤā§āϝāύā§āϤ āĻāϰā§āϰāĻŋāĨ¤
Irregular Versification and Lack of Harmony
Johnson Cowley-āĻāϰ irregular versification-āĻāϰāĻ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰā§āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻ āύā§āĻ line Johnson-āĻāϰ āĻāĻžāĻā§ harsh āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻŽāύ⧠āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ different measures, awkward rhymes, contractions āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāύā§āύ āϧāϰāύā§āϰ verse combination-āĻāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āĻ āĻāĻĒāϤā§āϤāĻŋ āĻāϰā§āύāĨ¤āĻāĻāĻŋ Johnson-āĻāϰ āϏā§āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāĻā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāϰ⧠āϝ⧠poetry-āϤ⧠musical order āĻ formal discipline āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž āĻāĻāĻŋāϤāĨ¤āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻŽāϤā§, verse-āĻāϰ pleasure āĻāĻāĻļāĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ recognizable measure āĻāĻŦāĻ structure-āĻāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻāϰ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ Metaphysical poets-āĻĻā§āϰ intellectual freedom-āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āĻ āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻā§āϤ āĻāĻā§āϰāĻš Johnson-āĻāϰ āĻāĻžāĻā§ poetic harmony-āĻāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻā§āώāϤāĻŋāĻāϰ āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻŽāύ⧠āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
Johnsonâs Balanced Judgement
āϤāĻŦā§ Johnson-āĻāϰ account-āĻā§ Metaphysical poets-āĻĻā§āϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ rejection āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻž āĻ āĻŋāĻ āύāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ criticism-āĻāϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ strength āĻšāϞā§âāϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϤāĻžāĻāĻĻā§āϰ originality āϏā§āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻāϰā§āύāĨ¤āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āύ āϝ⧠āϤāĻžāĻāϰāĻž simply careless writers āĻāĻŋāϞā§āύ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻāϰāĻž āĻāĻŋāϞā§āύ highly learned āĻāĻŦāĻ intellectually energeticāĨ¤āϤāĻžāĻāĻĻā§āϰ poetry āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻ surprising, āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āϤāĻžāĻāĻĻā§āϰ mind āĻāĻŽāύ āϏāĻŦ connection āϤā§āϰāĻŋ āĻāϰāϤ āϝāĻž āĻ āύā§āϝ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϰāĻž āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻā§āώā§āĻāĻž āĻāϰāϤā§āύ āύāĻžāĨ¤Johnson āϏā§āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻāϰā§āύ āϝ⧠āϤāĻžāĻāĻĻā§āϰ thoughts ânewâ āĻāĻŦāĻ âstrikingâ āĻšāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤āĻ āϰā§āĻĨāĻžā§ Johnson intellectual poetry-āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰā§āϧāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻāϰā§āύāύāĻŋ; āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻŽā§āϞāϤ āĻāϰ execution-āĻ proportion āĻ proper selection-āĻāϰ āĻ āĻāĻžāĻŦā§āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤
The Influence of Neoclassical Taste
Johnson-āĻāϰ judgement āĻāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏāĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§āĻ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ, āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻāĻŋ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧā§āϰ Neoclassical ideals-āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻĢāϞāύāĨ¤āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ clarity, order, proportion, decorum, harmony āĻāĻŦāĻ controlled expression-āĻā§ āĻŽā§āϞā§āϝ āĻĻāĻŋāϤā§āύāĨ¤āĻāĻ āĻĻā§āώā§āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻŖ āĻĨā§āĻā§ Metaphysical poetry āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§āĻ problematic āĻŽāύ⧠āĻšāϝāĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāϰ strange conceits, abrupt transitions, intellectual puzzles, high āĻ low imagery-āĻāϰ mixture āĻāĻŦāĻ irregular rhythms Johnson-āĻāϰ āĻĒāĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻ āύā§āĻ literary principle-āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰā§āϧāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤
Limitations of Johnsonâs Criticism
āϤāĻŦā§ āĻāϧā§āύāĻŋāĻ āĻĻā§āώā§āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻŖ āĻĨā§āĻā§ Johnson-āĻāϰ criticism-āĻāϰ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ limitation āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻāĻāύ⧠āĻāĻāύ⧠Metaphysical poetry-āĻā§ āĻāĻŽāύ standards āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύ, āϝāĻž āĻāĻ poetry-āϰ āύāĻŋāĻāϏā§āĻŦ poetic method-āĻā§ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻĒā§āϰāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧠āύāĻžāĨ¤Johnson āϝā§āĻāĻŋāĻā§ forced intellectual ingenuity āĻŦāϞā§āĻā§āύ, āϏā§āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ āύā§āϝāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧâāĻāĻāĻŋ thought āĻ emotion-āĻā§ surprising analogy-āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āĻāĻāϤā§āϰ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώ āĻāĻžāĻŦā§āϝāĻŋāĻ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋāĨ¤āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ conceit āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽā§ strange āĻŽāύ⧠āĻšāϞā§āĻ āĻĒāϰ⧠āĻāĻā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤāĻž āĻāϰāϞ⧠āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ meaningful connection āĻĒāĻžāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž āϝā§āϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤āϤāĻžāĻ Johnson āϝ⧠āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāώā§āĻā§āϝāĻā§ weakness āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻā§āύ, āϏā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻžāϰ Metaphysical poetry-āϰ originality-āĻāϰ āĻ āύā§āϝāϤāĻŽ āĻā§āϏ āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤
T. S. Eliotâs Later Reassessment
āĻĒāϰāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠literary criticism, āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώ āĻāϰ⧠T. S. Eliot-āĻāϰ criticism, Metaphysical poetry-āĻā§ āĻļā§āϧā§āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰ artificial āĻāĻŦāĻ over-intellectual āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰā§āύ⧠āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻžāĻā§ challenge āĻāϰā§āĨ¤Eliot Metaphysical poets-āĻĻā§āϰ āĻŽā§āϞā§āϝ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āύ āϤāĻžāĻāĻĻā§āϰ intellectual thought āĻ emotional experience-āĻā§ āĻāĻāϤā§āϰ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻžāϰ āĻāύā§āϝāĨ¤āĻāĻ later perspective āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻĻā§āĻāϞā§, Johnson conceit-āĻāϰ poetic value āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻž underestimate āĻāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϞā§āύ, āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻŽā§āϞāϤ Neoclassical taste-āĻāϰ standards āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āϏā§āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ āĻāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϞā§āύāĨ¤
The Lasting Value of Johnsonâs Criticism
āϤāĻžāϰāĻĒāϰāĻ Johnson-āĻāϰ criticism āĻ āϤā§āϝāύā§āϤ valuable āĻāĻŦāĻ influentialāĨ¤āϤāĻžāĻāϰ discussion āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ poetry āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻļā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ:
- Intellectual ingenuity āĻāϤāĻĻā§āϰ āĻĒāϰā§āϝāύā§āϤ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āϝāĻžāϤ⧠āϤāĻž artificial āύāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧā§ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ?
- Thought āĻ feeling-āĻāϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠proper relationship āĻā§?
- Poetry āĻāĻŋ natural expression-āĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦ āĻĻā§āĻŦā§, āύāĻžāĻāĻŋ surprising invention-āĻā§?
- Harmony, diction āĻāĻŦāĻ formal discipline poetry-āϤ⧠āĻāϤāĻāĻž āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ?
āĻāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāĻā§āϞā§āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻāϰ⧠āϝ⧠Johnson-āĻāϰ discussion āĻļā§āϧ⧠Cowley-āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āϧ⧠personal attack āύāϝāĻŧ; āĻāĻāĻŋ poetry-āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻā§āϰ literary criticismāĨ¤
âWit and Learning Unprofitably Squanderedâ
Cowley āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§ Johnson-āĻāϰ judgement āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ balanced āϝāĻāύ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻŦāϞā§āύ āϝ⧠âwit and learningâ āĻ āύā§āĻ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ âunprofitably squanderedâ āĻšāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠âunprofitablyâ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖāĨ¤ Johnson wit āĻŦāĻž learning-āĻāϰ āĻ āϏā§āϤāĻŋāϤā§āĻŦ āĻ āϏā§āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻā§āύ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻļā§āϧ⧠āĻŦāϞāĻā§āύ āϝ⧠āĻāĻ qualities āϏāĻŦ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ successful poetry-āϤ⧠āϰā§āĻĒāĻžāύā§āϤāϰāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋāĨ¤āĻāĻāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§, āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϏā§āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻāϰā§āύ āϝ⧠Cowley āĻāĻāύ⧠āĻāĻāύ⧠genuine grandeur āϏā§āώā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ concept admiration-āĻāϰ āϝā§āĻā§āϝāĨ¤
āϏā§āϤāϰāĻžāĻ, The Life of Cowley-āĻ Metaphysical poetry āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§ Johnson-āĻāϰ account āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ brilliant, influential, āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āĻāĻāĻļāĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ limited piece of criticismāĨ¤āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ Metaphysical poets-āĻĻā§āϰ excessive conceits, forced comparisons, intellectual extravagance, inappropriate diction āĻāĻŦāĻ irregular versification-āĻāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰā§āύāĨ¤āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻžāϤ descriptionâheterogeneous ideas being âyoked by violence togetherââāϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻŽā§āϞ objection-āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻā§āĻŦ āϏā§āύā§āĻĻāϰāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻŽāϤā§, intellectual ingenuity āĻāĻāύā§āĻ naturalness, proportion āĻāĻŦāĻ emotional effect-āĻā§ āύāώā§āĻ āĻāϰāĻž āĻāĻāĻŋāϤ āύāϝāĻŧāĨ¤āϤāĻŦā§ āĻāĻāĻ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ Johnson āϤāĻžāĻāĻĻā§āϰ extraordinary learning, wit, originality āĻāĻŦāĻ intellectual power-āĻāϰāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻāϏāĻž āĻāϰā§āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ judgement āĻāĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰ⧠negative āύāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϝ⧠mental energy-āĻā§ admire āĻāϰā§āύ, āϏā§āĻ energy-āĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϰāĻž āĻāĻāύ⧠āĻāĻāύ⧠āĻā§āϞāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύ āĻŦāϞ⧠āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻŽāύ⧠āĻāϰā§āύāĨ¤Johnson-āĻāϰ criticism āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āϝā§āĻā§āϰ Neoclassical values āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻĒāϰāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠critics, āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώ āĻāϰ⧠T. S. Eliot, āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āύ āϝ⧠Metaphysical poetry-āĻā§ āϏā§āĻ unusual qualities-āĻāϰ āĻāύā§āϝāĻ āĻŽā§āϞā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ āĻāϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āϝā§āĻā§āϞ⧠Johnson-āĻāϰ āĻāĻžāĻā§ āϏāĻŽāϏā§āϝāĻžāĻāύāĻ āĻŽāύ⧠āĻšāϝāĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤āϤāĻŦā§āĻ Johnson-āĻāϰ essay āĻāĻāĻ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ, āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻāĻŋ Metaphysical poetry-āϰ strengths āĻ weaknesses āĻāĻāϝāĻŧā§āϰāĻ āĻāĻā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞā§āώāĻŖ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻāϰ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāĻāύā§āĻŽā§āϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻāĻĻā§āϰ āĻāĻ poetic movement-āĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ critical vocabulary āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤