Honours English with Nusrat

Life of Cowley-Essay-type Questions

Explanation

1. Wit, like all other things, subject by their nature to the choice of man, has its changes and fashions, and, at different times, takes different forms.

2. Sublimity is protected by aggregation and hit consist dispersion. ★★★

3. To love excellence is natural, it is natural likewise for the love to solicit reciprocal regard by an elaborate display of his ow qualifications. ★★★

4. The most heterogeneous ideas are yoked by violence together.

★★★

Short Note

1]Johnson’s style of writing ★★★

2]Biography

3]Dr. Sprat★★★

4]Johnson’s assessment of the metaphysical poets ★★★

5],Cowley’s David is as an epic★★★

Essay-type Questions

01.Consider Dr. Samuel Johnson as a critic and biographer with special reference to Life of Cowley./Critically analyse Johnson’s art of writing biography. ✰★★★

02. What are the epic qualities found in Cowley’s Davideis? Discuss.

03. Consider Samuel Johnson’s Life of Cowley as a piece of literary criticism. ★★★

04. Critically examine Johnson’s account of the metaphysical poetry in The Life of Cowley. ★★★

01.Consider Dr. Samuel Johnson as a critic and biographer with special reference to Life of Cowley./Critically analyse Johnson’s art of writing biography. ✰★★★

Dr. Samuel Johnson is one of the most important literary figures of eighteenth-century England. He was a distinguished writer, moralist, critic, and biographer. His great work Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets contains a series of biographies in which he combines the history of a writer’s life with a critical examination of his literary achievement. Among these, The Life of Cowley is particularly significant because it reveals Johnson’s qualities both as a biographer and as a literary critic.Johnson does not regard biography as merely a record of dates and events. He attempts to discover the character, mind, motives, achievements, and weaknesses of his subject. At the same time, he does not treat literary criticism as something completely separate from the writer’s life. He connects Cowley’s personality and experiences with his poetry. Thus, The Life of Cowley is at once a biography, a work of literary criticism, and a study of human character.

Johnson as a Biographer: Search for Truth

One of the greatest qualities of Johnson as a biographer is his serious concern for truth. He does not simply repeat whatever earlier writers have said about Cowley. He examines the available evidence and tries to distinguish fact from exaggeration.Johnson particularly examines the earlier account written by Dr. Sprat, who was Cowley’s friend. Because of this personal relationship, Johnson considers Sprat’s biography too favourable in certain respects. Johnson therefore does not accept it without examination. Instead, he consults other sources to establish the truth about Cowley’s life.This method shows an important development in English biography. Johnson moves biography away from mere praise, gossip, or anecdote and towards careful historical investigation.

Careful Use of Evidence and Sources

Johnson’s biography is supported by different kinds of evidence. He refers to Cowley’s letters, official records, church documents, court materials, theatrical records, and contemporary opinions. His use of such evidence demonstrates his desire to make his account reliable.For example, Johnson uses parish records to establish details concerning Cowley’s family background. He also refers to theatrical records while discussing Cowley’s play The Cutter of Coleman-street and the contemporary interpretation of the play as a satire upon the Royalists.Such references show Johnson’s habit of checking facts rather than depending entirely upon tradition. His biography therefore possesses both literary interest and historical value.

Balanced and Fair Judgement

Another important quality of Johnson’s biographical art is his fairness. He does not idealize Cowley, but neither does he deliberately attack him. He tries to consider both sides of controversial questions.Cowley’s political conduct during the English Civil War is a good example. Questions arose concerning his political loyalty, but Johnson does not hastily accuse him of betrayal. He examines the circumstances and suggests possible reasons for Cowley’s neutrality. He also points out that there is insufficient evidence to establish that Cowley betrayed the king or actively supported his opponents.This balanced method makes Johnson’s biography convincing. His subject is treated as a human being with both virtues and limitations rather than as a perfect literary hero.

Biography as a Lively Narrative

Although Johnson is careful with facts, his biography is not a dry historical document. His narrative is lively, engaging, and full of movement. He presents Cowley’s experiences in a manner that maintains the reader’s interest.Johnson knows how to select significant incidents from a life and arrange them effectively. He does not record every insignificant detail. Instead, he chooses events that help reveal Cowley’s personality and career. His prose possesses the energy and force of good storytelling, while his reflections give the narrative intellectual depth.Thus, Johnson succeeds in combining historical accuracy with literary attractiveness.

Psychological Insight into Cowley

Johnson is also an insightful student of human psychology. He is interested not only in what Cowley did but also in the nature of his mind.At the beginning of The Life of Cowley, Johnson discusses genius and the development of poetic talent. His description of Cowley becoming “irrecoverably a poet” suggests that poetry became an essential part of Cowley’s identity. Johnson attempts to explain how a person of exceptional ability becomes devoted to a particular form of intellectual activity.This psychological approach gives the biography a human dimension. Cowley is not presented simply as a name in literary history; he becomes a living personality whose character can be studied and understood.

Connection between Life and Literary Works

A major strength of Johnson’s method is his close relationship between biography and literary criticism. He believes that understanding a writer’s life can help readers understand his writings.In The Life of Cowley, Johnson discusses Cowley’s education, scholarship, political experiences, intellectual habits, and poetic career. He then examines his poems and other literary works. This allows Johnson to show how Cowley’s personality and learning influenced his literary style.Therefore, Johnson’s biography is not simply about Cowley’s private life. It is also about the development of Cowley as a writer.

Johnson as a Literary Critic

Johnson’s second major role in The Life of Cowley is that of a literary critic. His criticism is strongly influenced by the ideals of Neoclassicism. He values clarity, order, proportion, decorum, natural expression, and the representation of universal human experience.For Johnson, poetry should not be merely a display of cleverness. It should communicate ideas clearly, appeal to the imagination and emotions, and possess a lasting connection with human nature.His criticism of Cowley therefore becomes part of a larger discussion about what poetry should be.

Johnson and Metaphysical Poetry

Johnson famously identifies Cowley with the metaphysical poets. He explains that these poets possessed great learning, wit, and intellectual power, but often misused these qualities.Their most characteristic technique was the conceit, an elaborate and unexpected comparison between apparently unrelated things. Johnson describes their method as bringing together “heterogeneous ideas” and joining them “by violence.”This famous judgement expresses Johnson’s central objection to metaphysical poetry. He believes that the poets often force relationships between things simply to display their intellectual ingenuity. As a result, the comparison may appear clever but unnatural.

Wit versus Natural Expression

Johnson does not deny the intelligence of the metaphysical poets. In fact, he recognizes their remarkable powers of reflection and comparison. His criticism is directed against the excessive use of those powers.In Johnson’s view, poetic wit should serve poetry rather than dominate it. When intellectual cleverness becomes more important than emotion, clarity, and natural expression, poetry loses some of its beauty and effectiveness.Thus, Johnson’s criticism of Cowley is not a rejection of intelligence in poetry. It is a criticism of intelligence without sufficient artistic restraint.

Johnson’s Idea of Universal Human Nature

Johnson believes that great poetry should have a broad appeal because it represents experiences common to humanity. He values what he calls “general nature.” Poetry should deal with emotions, situations, and truths that readers can recognize beyond a particular historical period.This principle explains some of Johnson’s objections to metaphysical poetry. The strange conceits and complicated intellectual arguments of the metaphysical poets can make their poetry difficult for ordinary readers to approach.Johnson therefore prefers poetry that combines intellectual quality with clarity, accessibility, and emotional communication.

Criticism of The Mistress

Johnson’s discussion of Cowley’s The Mistress illustrates his balanced critical method. He recognizes Cowley’s ability as a love poet and acknowledges the learning and ingenuity displayed in the poems. At the same time, he criticizes the excessive use of conceits.The intellectual comparisons sometimes become so elaborate that they distract from genuine emotion. Johnson believes that the reader may become more interested in solving the intellectual puzzle than in experiencing the feeling expressed by the poem.Yet Johnson does not dismiss Cowley completely. His criticism contains both admiration and objection, demonstrating his balanced approach.

Appreciation of Cowley’s Pindaric Odes

Johnson also recognizes Cowley’s contribution to English poetry through his use of the Pindaric ode. Cowley helped popularize and develop this form in English literature.This is important because it demonstrates that Johnson’s criticism is not merely destructive. He is willing to recognize originality and achievement when he finds them. His evaluation of Cowley therefore contains both appreciation and criticism.

Moral Dimension of Johnson’s Criticism

Johnson’s criticism also has a strong moral element. For him, literature is not merely entertainment. Poetry should contribute to the understanding of life and human conduct.This belief influences his treatment of Cowley. Johnson examines not only literary technique but also character, conduct, ambition, success, and failure. The poet’s life can therefore become a source of moral instruction.Johnson does not present great writers as flawless individuals. Their mistakes and weaknesses are part of their humanity, and readers may learn from both their successes and their failures.

Aphoristic and Memorable Style

Johnson’s own style is another important aspect of his achievement. His prose is powerful, clear, polished, and full of memorable statements. His observations about literature and human nature often take the form of concise and striking expressions.Phrases such as Cowley becoming “irrecoverably a poet” and the metaphysical poets joining “heterogeneous ideas” through violence have become famous because they express complicated judgements in memorable language.His aphoristic style gives his biography both authority and literary beauty.

Strengths and Limitations of Johnson’s Criticism

Johnson’s criticism is strong because it is clear, reasoned, balanced, and based on definite principles. He identifies the major characteristics of Cowley’s poetry and explains why he admires or rejects particular qualities. His discussion of metaphysical poetry remains historically important because it provided one of the earliest influential accounts of the movement.However, his criticism also has limitations. His strong attachment to neoclassical ideals sometimes prevents him from fully appreciating the originality of metaphysical poetry. He tends to regard their difficult conceits as artificial rather than considering the possibility that intellectual complexity itself can be a form of poetic expression.Later critics have therefore challenged some of Johnson’s conclusions. Nevertheless, the limitations of his judgement do not destroy the value of his criticism. They instead reveal the influence of the literary standards of his own age.

Johnson’s Contribution to English Biography and Criticism

The importance of The Life of Cowley lies ultimately in Johnson’s successful combination of biography and criticism. He shows that the life of a writer can illuminate his literary works and that criticism can be enriched by an understanding of personality and historical circumstances.His biography is factual without being dull, critical without being merely negative, and moral without becoming completely didactic. His prose transforms biographical material into literature.

In conclusion, Dr. Samuel Johnson emerges from The Life of Cowley as both a distinguished biographer and a powerful literary critic. As a biographer, he is careful, truthful, balanced, psychologically perceptive, and artistically effective. He investigates evidence, questions earlier accounts, presents Cowley’s strengths and weaknesses, and creates a lively portrait of the poet.As a critic, Johnson applies neoclassical principles of clarity, order, decorum, naturalness, and universal human experience. His criticism of metaphysical poetry, especially his famous description of “heterogeneous ideas,” is sharp and influential. Although his classical standards sometimes limit his appreciation of metaphysical originality, his critical judgements remain valuable because they are intelligent, reasoned, and memorable.Therefore, The Life of Cowley is much more than the biography of one poet. It is a remarkable combination of biography, literary criticism, psychology, moral reflection, and history. Johnson’s achievement lies in making the life and literature of Cowley illuminate each other, thereby establishing himself as one of the most important biographers and critics in English literary history.

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āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧀āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āϜāύāϏāύ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāϤāĻŽ āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āϗ⧁āĻŖ āĻšāϞ⧋ āϏāĻ¤ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āϰ āφāĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āφāϗ⧇āϰ āϞ⧇āĻ–āĻ•āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŦā§āϝāϕ⧇ āĻšā§‹āĻ– āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāύāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻŦāϰāĻ‚ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āϝāĻžāϚāĻžāχ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϏāĻ¤ā§āϝ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŖāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āϟāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧁ āĻĄ. āĻ¸ā§āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϟ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧀ āϞāĻŋāϖ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϟ āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁āϟāĻž āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻ‚āϏāĻžāϰ āĻšā§‹āϖ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āϖ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ āĻŦāϞ⧇ āϜāύāϏāύ āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāĻŸā§‡āϰ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧀āϕ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāύāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻŦāϰāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ‰ā§ŽāϏāĻ“ āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āϏāĻ¤ā§āϝ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āϟāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤āĻāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϜāύāϏāύ āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧀āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝāϕ⧇ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻ‚āϏāĻž, āĻ—āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻŦāĻž āĻŽā§āϖ⧇-āĻŽā§āϖ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϚāϞāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āĻžāĻšāĻŋāύāĻŋāϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āϰāĻļā§€āϞ āύāĻž āϰ⧇āϖ⧇ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŽāĻžāĻŖāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻĒāĻžāϞāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤

āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŽāĻžāϪ⧇āϰ āϏāϤāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ

āϜāύāϏāύ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧀āϤ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋāϰ āϚāĻŋāĻ āĻŋāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϰ, āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŋ āύāĻĨāĻŋ, āϚāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻšā§‡āϰ āϰ⧇āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻĄ, āφāĻĻāĻžāϞāϤ⧇āϰ āύāĻĨāĻŋ, āύāĻžāĻŸā§āϝāϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āϰ⧇āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏāĻŽāϏāĻžāĻŽāϝāĻŧāĻŋāĻ• āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϤāĻžāĻŽāϤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻāϤ⧇ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϝ⧇ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧀āϕ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āϰāϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϝāĻĨāĻžāϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āϝāĻžāϚāĻžāχ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇āύāĨ¤āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāϰ⧂āĻĒ, āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāϝāĻŧ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āϜāĻžāύāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϚāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻšā§‡āϰ āύāĻĨāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤ āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋāϰ āύāĻžāϟāĻ• The Cutter of Coleman-street āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āύāĻžāĻŸā§āϝāϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏ⧇āχ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ⧇ āύāĻžāϟāĻ•āϟāĻŋāϕ⧇ āϰāϝāĻŧā§āϝāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϟāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ™ā§āĻ— āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āϕ⧀āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āĻšāϤ⧋, āϤāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤āĻāϏāĻŦ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āϜāύāϏāύ⧇āϰ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧀ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āφāĻ•āĻ°ā§āώāĻŖā§€āϝāĻŧ āύāϝāĻŧ, āϐāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏāĻŋāĻ• āĻĻāĻŋāĻ• āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇āĻ“ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āωāϠ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤

āĻ­āĻžāϰāϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϝāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ“ āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāϏāĻ‚āĻ—āϤ āĻŦāĻŋāϚāĻžāϰ

āϜāύāϏāύ⧇āϰ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧀ āϞ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϰ āφāϰ⧇āĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦ⧈āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϝ āĻšāϞ⧋ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāϏāĻ‚āĻ—āϤ āĻ“ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϝāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻĻ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋāĻ­āĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϧāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻ‚āϏāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāύāĻŋ, āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ āχāĻšā§āĻ›āĻžāĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āύāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻžāĻ“ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāύāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻŦāϰāĻ‚ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋ āĻ“ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ—āĻĻ⧁āχ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•āχ āĻŦāĻŋāϚāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āϟāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜ āĻ—ā§ƒāĻšāϝ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋāϰ āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋ āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āφāύ⧁āĻ—āĻ¤ā§āϝ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āωāϠ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āϜāύāϏāύ āϤāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻšā§āĻĄāĻŧā§‹ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϤāĻžāρāϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāϘāĻžāϤāĻ• āĻŦāϞ⧇ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāύāĻŋāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋāϰ āύāĻŋāϰāĻĒ⧇āĻ•ā§āώ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§āϝ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āφāϰāĻ“ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āύ āϝ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋ āϰāĻžāϜāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāϘāĻžāϤāĻ•āϤāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ āĻŦāĻž āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ⧀āĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϏāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āĻ¨â€”āĻāĻŽāύ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧇ āĻĒ⧌āρāĻ›āĻžāύ⧋āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āϝāĻĨ⧇āĻˇā§āϟ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āύ⧇āχāĨ¤āĻāχ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϝāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āύāĻŋāϖ⧁āρāϤ āύāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻ• āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āύāϝāĻŧ, āĻŦāϰāĻ‚ āϗ⧁āĻŖ āĻ“ āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āĻŦāϞāϤāĻžāϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāύ⧇ āωāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤ āĻšāύāĨ¤

āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧀āϕ⧇ āφāĻ•āĻ°ā§āώāĻŖā§€āϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϰ⧂āĻĒ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž

āϤāĻĨā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āϜāύāϏāύ āϝāϤāϟāĻž āϏāϤāĻ°ā§āĻ•, āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧀ āϤāϤāϟāĻž āĻļ⧁āĻˇā§āĻ• āύāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āϞ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻŖāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϤāϤāĻž āĻ“ āĻ—āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻŦāϞāĻžāϰ āĻĻāĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻž āϰāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧇āϰ āϘāϟāύāĻžāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻāĻŽāύāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āωāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύ āϝāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āϕ⧇āϰ āφāĻ—ā§āϰāĻš āĻŦāϜāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϟāĻŋ āϛ⧋āϟ āϘāϟāύāĻž āϞāĻŋāϖ⧇ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āύāĻˇā§āϟ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāύāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻŦāϰāĻ‚ āϝ⧇āϏāĻŦ āϘāϟāύāĻž āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ“ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻŋāĻ• āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāϝāĻŧ āĻĻ⧇āϝāĻŧ, āϏ⧇āϗ⧁āϞ⧋āχ āĻŦ⧇āϛ⧇ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻ—āĻĻā§āϝ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋ āĻ—āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻŦāϞāĻžāϰ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āφāϛ⧇, āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āϚāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻžāĻļā§€āϞ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻŦā§āϝ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧀āϕ⧇ āφāϰāĻ“ āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āϰāϤāĻž āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž, āϜāύāϏāύ āϐāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏāĻŋāĻ• āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϭ⧁āϞāϤāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻŋāĻ• āϏ⧌āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¯â€”āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋāϕ⧇ āϏāĻĢāϞāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻāĻ•āĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤

āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāĻžāύāϏāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖ

āϜāύāϏāύ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋ āϕ⧀ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ āϤāĻž āϜāĻžāύāϤ⧇ āϚāĻžāύāύāĻŋ; āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāĻžāύāϏāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻž āĻ“ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻ“ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϰ āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āϟāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž, āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āĻŽāύāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāϕ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋āĻ“ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤The Life of Cowley-āĻāϰ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁āϤ⧇āχ āϜāύāϏāύ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻ­āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋ āϕ⧀āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϧ⧀āϰ⧇ āϧ⧀āϰ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āωāϠ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ, āϤāĻž āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻŦāϞ⧇āύ āϝ⧇ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ “irrecoverably a poet” āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āωāϠ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āĻ¨â€”āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻž āϤāĻžāρāϰ āϏāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻžāϰ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ—āĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ, āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āφāϰ āĻĢāĻŋāϰ⧇ āφāϏāĻžāϰ āωāĻĒāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āύāĻžāĨ¤āĻāχ āĻŽāύāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻĻ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋāĻ­āĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧀āϟāĻŋāϕ⧇ āφāϰāĻ“ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϤ⧁āϞ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ-āχāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āύāĻžāĻŽ āύāύ; āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ, āϝāĻžāϰ āϚāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻž, āĻ…āύ⧁āĻ­ā§‚āϤāĻŋ āĻ“ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦāϕ⧇ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻŦ⧁āĻāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋāĨ¤

āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ āĻ“ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§‡āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•

āϜāύāϏāύ⧇āϰ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧀ āϰāϚāύāĻžāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āĻŦ⧈āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϝ āĻšāĻ˛ā§‹â€”āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϞ⧇āĻ–āϕ⧇āϰ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ āĻ“ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§‡āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧇, āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āϞ⧇āĻ–āϕ⧇āϰ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āϜāĻžāύāϞ⧇ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāϕ⧇āĻ“ āφāϰāĻ“ āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤The Life of Cowley-āϤ⧇ āϜāύāϏāύ āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž, āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύāϚāĻ°ā§āϚāĻž, āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāϤāĻž, āĻŽāĻžāύāϏāĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āĻ­ā§āϝāĻžāϏ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻŋāĻ• āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧇āϰ āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻāϰāĻĒāϰ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻ“ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āύ, āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ“ āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āϞ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϰ āϧāϰāύāϕ⧇ āϕ⧀āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤āϤāĻžāχ āϜāύāϏāύ⧇āϰ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧀ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ—āϤ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāĻšāĻŋāύāĻŋ āύāϝāĻŧ; āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļ⧇āϰ āχāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏāĻ“āĨ¤

āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ-āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāĻ• āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āϜāύāϏāύ

The Life of Cowley-āϤ⧇ āϜāύāϏāύ⧇āϰ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāϝāĻŧ āĻšāϞ⧋ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ-āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāĻ• āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰ āύāĻŋāĻ“āĻ•ā§āϞāĻžāϏāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϝāĻžāϞ āĻŦāĻž āĻ§ā§āϰ⧁āĻĒāĻĻā§€ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ-āφāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļ⧇āϰ āϝāĻĨ⧇āĻˇā§āϟ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āϟāϤāĻž, āĻļ⧃āĻ™ā§āĻ–āϞāĻž, āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžā§āϜāĻ¸ā§āϝ, āϝāĻĨāĻžāϝāĻĨāϤāĻž, āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļāĻ­āĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻĢāϞāύāϕ⧇ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤āϜāύāϏāύ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧇, āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϰ āϖ⧇āϞāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ•ā§ŒāĻļāϞ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāύ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āύāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϚāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āϟāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļāĻŋāϤ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āωāϚāĻŋāϤ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϤāĻž āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻž āĻ“ āφāĻŦ⧇āĻ—āϕ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻ•āϰāĻž āωāϚāĻŋāϤāĨ¤ āĻāĻ•āχ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻĻāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰāĨ¤āĻāχ āφāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇āχ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϰ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤

āĻŽā§‡āϟāĻžāĻĢāĻŋāϜāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϝāĻžāϞ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āϜāύāϏāύ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϤ

āϜāύāϏāύ āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻŽā§‡āϟāĻžāĻĢāĻŋāϜāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϝāĻžāϞ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ āϝ⧇ āĻāχ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϚ⧁āϰ āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ, āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻ“ āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻžāĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāϝ⧋āĻ— āĻšāĻ˛ā§‹â€”āϤāĻžāρāϰāĻž āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻāχ āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻŽāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤āĻŽā§‡āϟāĻžāĻĢāĻŋāϜāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϝāĻžāϞ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāϤāĻŽ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻŦ⧈āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϝ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ conceit āĻŦāĻž āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻĻā§€āĻĒā§āϤ āĻ“ āĻ…āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻļāĻŋāϤ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϰāĻž āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āϜāϟāĻŋāϞ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ• āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇āύāĨ¤āϜāύāϏāύ āϤāĻžāρāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻāχ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻāĻŽāύāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύ āϝ⧇ āϤāĻžāρāϰāĻž “heterogeneous ideas” āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻ¸ā§āĻĒāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻšā§€āύ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻžāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϕ⧇ āĻœā§‹āϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāĻ•āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤āĻāϟāĻžāχ āĻŽā§‡āϟāĻžāĻĢāĻŋāϜāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϝāĻžāϞ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āϜāύāϏāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āφāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧇, āĻāϏāĻŦ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻž āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻĻā§€āĻĒā§āϤ āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āύāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϰāĻž āϝ⧇āύ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϰ āϚāĻŽāĻ• āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧋āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻāĻŽāύ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤

āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϰ āϚāĻŽāĻ• āĻŦāύāĻžāĻŽ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ

āϜāύāϏāύ āĻŽā§‡āϟāĻžāĻĢāĻŋāϜāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϝāĻžāϞ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻŽāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāύāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻŦāϰāĻ‚ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϤāĻžāρāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϚāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻžāĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ“ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻ‚āϏāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āφāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻāχ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇āĨ¤āϜāύāϏāύ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧇, āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§āϝāχ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦ⧇, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āϏ⧇āχ āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϰ āϏ⧌āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§āϝ āĻ“ āφāĻŦ⧇āĻ—āϕ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāĻŦā§‡â€”āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻĒ⧁āϰ⧋āĻĒ⧁āϰāĻŋ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤āϝāĻ–āύ āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϰ āϚāĻŽāĻ• āφāĻŦ⧇āĻ—, āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻž āĻ“ āϏ⧌āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻšā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ“āϠ⧇, āϤāĻ–āύ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āφāĻŦ⧇āĻĻāύ āĻ•āĻŽā§‡ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤āϤāĻžāχ āϜāύāϏāύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇ āύāϝāĻŧ; āĻŦāϰāĻ‚ āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ⧇ āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϰ āĻ…āϏāĻ‚āϝāϤ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇āĨ¤

āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāϰ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻž

āϜāύāϏāύ āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇āύ, āĻļā§āϰ⧇āĻˇā§āĻ  āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻāĻŽāύ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āωāϚāĻŋāϤ āϝāĻž āϏāĻŦ āϝ⧁āϗ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϛ⧇ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻŦāĻš āĻ“ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖāϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻ­ā§‚āϤāĻŋ, āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāϤāĻž āĻ“ āϏāĻ¤ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž āωāϚāĻŋāϤāĨ¤āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻāϟāĻŋāϕ⧇ “general nature” āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦ-āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻŋāϤ āĻŦāϞ⧇ āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤āĻāχ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇āχ āĻŽā§‡āϟāĻžāĻĢāĻŋāϜāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϝāĻžāϞ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āφāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ āϜāϟāĻŋāϞ conceit āĻ“ āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻŦ⧃āĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āĻāχ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āϕ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϛ⧇ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻ•āĻ āĻŋāύ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āωāĻ āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤āϜāύāϏāύ āϤāĻžāχ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝ āĻĻ⧇āύ, āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āϟāϤāĻž, āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻž āĻ“ āφāĻŦ⧇āϗ⧇āϰ āϏ⧁āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻŦāϝāĻŧ āϰāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤

The Mistress-āĻāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž

āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋāϰ The Mistress āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻ—āĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ“ āϜāύāϏāύ⧇āϰ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϝāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āĻĻ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋāĻ­āĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻĒāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻĒā§āϰ⧇āĻŽā§‡āϰ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻ­āĻž, āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ āĻ“ āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻĻā§€āĻĒā§āϤāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻāĻ•āχ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ conceit āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤āĻ•āĻ–āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻ–āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϰ āϜāϟāĻŋāϞ āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻŦ⧃āĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻž āĻāϤ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϝ⧇ āϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§ƒāϤ āφāĻŦ⧇āĻ—āϕ⧇ āφāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϞ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĢ⧇āϞ⧇āĨ¤ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻ• āϤāĻ–āύ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻ­ā§‚āϤāĻŋ āωāĻĒāĻ­ā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻĻāϞ⧇ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϰ āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻĻā§€āĻĒā§āϤ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϰ āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āϟāĻž āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ¸ā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧ⧇āĨ¤āϤāĻŦ⧁āĻ“ āϜāύāϏāύ āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻĒ⧁āϰ⧋āĻĒ⧁āϰāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāϤāĻŋāϞ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāύāĻŋāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻ‚āϏāĻž āĻ“ āφāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ—āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋāχ āϰāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻžāχ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϰ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϝāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āϚāϰāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰāϕ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤

Pindaric Ode-āĻ āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻ…āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāύ

āϜāύāϏāύ āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋāϰ āφāϰ⧇āĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ…āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāύāĻ“ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤ āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ⧇ Pindaric Ode āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻ“āĻĄā§‡āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ“ āϜāύāĻĒā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāϤāĻž āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋāϰ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϝ⧇ āϜāύāϏāύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ āύ⧇āϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϚāĻ• āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āϞ⧇āĻ–āϕ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻŽā§ŒāϞāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻž āĻ“ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻžāĻĢāĻ˛ā§āϝ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻĒ⧇āϞ⧇ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϤāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤āĻ…āϤāĻāĻŦ, āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āϜāύāϏāύ⧇āϰ āĻŽāύ⧋āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻāĻ•āχ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻ‚āϏāĻžāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āĻ“ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ•āĨ¤

āϜāύāϏāύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϰ āύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•

āϜāύāϏāύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ-āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ⧀ āύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•āĻ“ āϰāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϛ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ āĻŦāĻŋāύ⧋āĻĻāύ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āύāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ, āϚāϰāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻ“ āφāϚāϰāĻŖ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤āĻāχ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻž The Life of Cowley-āϤ⧇āĻ“ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•ā§ŒāĻļāϞ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāύāĻŋ; āĻŦāϰāĻ‚ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āϚāϰāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰ, āφāϚāϰāĻŖ, āωāĻšā§āϚāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ•ā§āώāĻž, āϏāĻžāĻĢāĻ˛ā§āϝ āĻ“ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ°ā§āĻĨāϤāĻžāϰ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•āĻ“ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāύ āϞ⧇āĻ–āĻ•āĻ“ āϝ⧇ āϭ⧁āϞ-āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧁āϟāĻŋāϰ āϊāĻ°ā§āĻ§ā§āĻŦ⧇ āύāĻ¨â€”āϜāύāϏāύ āϤāĻž āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϤ⧇ āĻšā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧇, āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āϞ⧇āĻ–āϕ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĢāĻ˛ā§āϝ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āύ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āϤ⧇āĻŽāύāĻŋ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āϭ⧁āϞ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇āĻ“ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āύ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦāĨ¤

āϜāύāϏāύ⧇āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāϰāĻŖā§€āϝāĻŧ āĻ“ Aphoristic Style

āϜāύāϏāύ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āϰ āϞ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϰ āϧāϰāύāĻ“ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻ—āĻĻā§āϝ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ⧀, āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ, āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻļā§€āϞāĻŋāϤ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāϰāĻŖā§€āϝāĻŧāĨ¤āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϜāϟāĻŋāϞ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻŋāĻ• āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻžāϕ⧇ āϛ⧋āϟ āĻ“ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ⧀ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāϤ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋ “irrecoverably a poet” āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āωāϠ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āĻ¨â€”āĻāχ āĻ•āĻĨāĻžāϟāĻŋ āϖ⧁āĻŦ āĻ…āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ⧇ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϏāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āϰāϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤āĻāĻ•āχāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŽā§‡āϟāĻžāĻĢāĻŋāϜāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϝāĻžāϞ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻ⧇āϰ “heterogeneous ideas” āĻŦāĻž āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύāϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻœā§‹āϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāĻ•āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āϤāĻžāρāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϰ āĻŽā§‚āϞ āĻŦāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŦā§āϝāϕ⧇ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāϰāĻŖā§€āϝāĻŧ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϤ⧁āϞ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤āĻāχ āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāĻĒā§āϤ, āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ⧀ āĻ“ āϚāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻžāĻļā§€āϞ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ— āϜāύāϏāύ⧇āϰ āĻ—āĻĻā§āϝāϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ āĻŽāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤

āϜāύāϏāύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϰ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ“ āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻž

āϜāύāϏāύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻšāĻ˛ā§‹â€”āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āϟ, āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āϰ, āĻ­āĻžāϰāϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϝāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻŋāĻ• āφāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻŋāϤāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦ⧈āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϝ āϚāĻŋāĻšā§āύāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϕ⧇āύ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ›āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻĒāĻ›āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻ•āϰāϛ⧇āύ, āϤāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤āĻŽā§‡āϟāĻžāĻĢāĻŋāϜāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϝāĻžāϞ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ-āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϰ āχāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏ⧇ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĨ¤ āĻĒāϰāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻŽā§‡āϟāĻžāĻĢāĻŋāϜāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϝāĻžāϞ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘāĻĻāĻŋāύ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻļāĻžāϞ⧀ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤āϤāĻŦ⧇ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻžāĻ“ āϰāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āύāĻŋāĻ“āĻ•ā§āϞāĻžāϏāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϝāĻžāϞ āφāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻĻ⧃āĻĸāĻŧ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻŽā§‡āϟāĻžāĻĢāĻŋāϜāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϝāĻžāϞ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϰ āĻŽā§ŒāϞāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻž āĻ“ āϜāϟāĻŋāϞāϤāĻžāϰ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝ āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻĒ⧁āϰ⧋āĻĒ⧁āϰāĻŋ āωāĻĒāϞāĻŦā§āϧāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āύāύāĻŋāĨ¤āĻĒāϰāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀ āϝ⧁āϗ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāϕ⧇āϰāĻž āϤāĻžāχ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻŽāϤ āĻĒā§‹āώāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻŦ⧁āĻ“ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϰ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝ āĻ•āĻŽā§‡ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻŦāϰāĻ‚ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻž āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϝāĻŧ āϝ⧇ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻŋāĻ• āφāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύāĨ¤

āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧀ āĻ“ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϜāύāϏāύ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāύ

The Life of Cowley-āĻāϰ āϏāĻŦāĻšā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻšāĻ˛ā§‹â€”āϜāύāϏāύ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧀ āĻ“ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ-āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āϏ⧁āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻāĻ•āĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āύ āϝ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āϞ⧇āĻ–āϕ⧇āϰ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāϕ⧇ āĻŦ⧁āĻāϤ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻ•āχāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§‡āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖ āϞ⧇āĻ–āϕ⧇āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦāϕ⧇ āφāϰāĻ“ āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦ⧁āĻāϤ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧀ āϤāĻĨā§āϝāύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āϰ, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻāĻ•āĻ˜ā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇ āύāϝāĻŧ; āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ•, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ āύ⧇āϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϚāĻ• āύāϝāĻŧ; āύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ•, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ āωāĻĒāĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ•āĻ“ āύāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ⧀ āĻ—āĻĻā§āϝ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧀āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āϤāĻĨā§āϝāϕ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻŋāĻ• āϏ⧌āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§āϝ⧇ āϰ⧂āĻĒ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤

āϏ⧁āϤāϰāĻžāĻ‚, The Life of Cowley-āĻāϰ āφāϞ⧋āϕ⧇ āĻĄ. āĻ¸ā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āϝāĻŧ⧇āϞ āϜāύāϏāύāϕ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āĻ…āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧀āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ⧀ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ-āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāĻ• āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧀āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϤāĻĨā§āϝāύāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ , āϏāĻ¤ā§āϝāϏāĻ¨ā§āϧāĻžāύ⧀, āĻ­āĻžāϰāϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϝāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ, āĻŽāύāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āϰ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻĻāĻ•ā§āώāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύ, āφāϗ⧇āϰ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧀āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŦā§āϝ āϝāĻžāϚāĻžāχ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύ, āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋāϰ āϗ⧁āĻŖ āĻ“ āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āĻŦāϞāϤāĻž āωāĻ­āϝāĻŧāχ āϤ⧁āϞ⧇ āϧāϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻŖāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻ›āĻŦāĻŋ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāĻ• āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āϜāύāϏāύ āύāĻŋāĻ“āĻ•ā§āϞāĻžāϏāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϝāĻžāϞ āφāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļ—āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āϟāϤāĻž, āĻļ⧃āĻ™ā§āĻ–āϞāĻž, āϝāĻĨāĻžāϝāĻĨāϤāĻž, āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦ-āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻŽā§‡āϟāĻžāĻĢāĻŋāϜāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϝāĻžāϞ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻ⧇āϰ “heterogeneous ideas” āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāϤ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻŦā§āϝ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āϤ⧀āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻŖ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāϝāĻŧ āĻĻ⧇āϝāĻŧāĨ¤āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ“ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻ§ā§āϰ⧁āĻĒāĻĻā§€ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ-āφāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻ•āĻ–āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻ–āύ⧋ āϤāĻžāρāϕ⧇ āĻŽā§‡āϟāĻžāĻĢāĻŋāϜāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϝāĻžāϞ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϰ āĻŽā§ŒāϞāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻž āĻĒ⧁āϰ⧋āĻĒ⧁āϰāĻŋ āωāĻĒāϞāĻŦā§āϧāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāϧāĻž āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇, āϤāĻŦ⧁āĻ“ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ, āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻĻā§€āĻĒā§āϤ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāϰāĻŖā§€āϝāĻŧāĨ¤āĻ…āϤāĻāĻŦ, The Life of Cowley āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϰ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧀ āύāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āχ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧀, āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ-āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž, āĻŽāύāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖ, āύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āϚāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āχāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ• āϚāĻŽā§ŽāĻ•āĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻŦāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ āĻ“ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝāϕ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻ¸ā§āĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇āχ āϜāύāϏāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§ƒāϤ āĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āύāĻŋāĻšāĻŋāϤāĨ¤ āĻ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇āχ āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ-āχāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏ⧇ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧀āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ“ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāĻ• āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āϚāĻŋāϰāĻ¸ā§āĻŽāϰāĻŖā§€āϝāĻŧ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āφāϛ⧇āύāĨ¤

02. What are the epic qualities found in Cowley’s Davideis? Discuss.

Abraham Cowley’s Davideis is an ambitious attempt to write an English epic based on the biblical story of King David. Cowley planned the poem in twelve books, following the model of Virgil’s Aeneid, but completed only four. Although unfinished, Davideis contains several important features associated with epic poetry, including a grand subject, a heroic central figure, supernatural machinery, battles and adventures, elevated style, and an elaborate narrative structure. At the same time, as Samuel Johnson points out in The Life of Cowley, these epic qualities are weakened by Cowley’s excessive use of conceits, learned allusions, digressions, and an imperfect structure.

A Grand and Heroic Subject

The first essential quality of an epic is the greatness of its subject. Cowley chooses the life of David, a biblical king whose story involves kingship, warfare, faith, loyalty, temptation, and divine providence. Such a subject is naturally suited to epic treatment because it connects the individual hero with the history and destiny of a nation. Cowley therefore attempts to transform sacred history into a large-scale heroic narrative.However, Johnson also identifies a serious difficulty in this choice. Sacred history already possesses a special authority and simplicity in the minds of readers. Because readers approach biblical events with religious reverence, poetic amplification may appear unnecessary or even inappropriate. Johnson argues that events involving the visible intervention of divine power are difficult for human imagination to embellish successfully. Thus, the very greatness of Cowley’s subject creates a problem for his epic ambition.

David as the Epic Hero

Another major epic quality is the presence of a heroic central figure. David is presented as a powerful and heroic character whose life involves danger, warfare, leadership, and moral struggle. Cowley gives him both physical courage and psychological strength. Johnson particularly praises Cowley’s treatment of Saul, saying that he gives Saul “both the body and mind of a hero.”David’s heroic status is strengthened by the scale of the difficulties surrounding him. He is not merely an ordinary individual; his personal experiences are connected with political and religious history. His character therefore possesses the larger significance expected of an epic hero.

Twelve-Book Design and Epic Scale

Cowley consciously follows the classical epic tradition in the structure of Davideis. He intended the poem to contain twelve books, simply because Virgil’s Aeneid had twelve. This demonstrates the scale of his ambition and his desire to establish Davideis within the classical epic tradition.Unfortunately, Cowley completed only four books. Johnson observes that this incompleteness is a serious limitation because the reader cannot fully understand the development of the action, the characters, or the complete structure of the poem. The unfinished condition of Davideis therefore prevents it from achieving the full scope of a successful epic.

Supernatural and Divine Elements

Supernatural machinery is another important feature of epic poetry. In Davideis, Cowley introduces divine and infernal beings and presents the biblical world as one in which supernatural forces influence human affairs. The presence of God, angels, Lucifer, and other supernatural agents gives the story a cosmic dimension.The treatment of Lucifer is especially important. When Saul is troubled by an evil spirit, Cowley uses the occasion to describe Hell and the history of Lucifer. Johnson, however, considers this treatment problematic. Lucifer and the infernal beings are given elaborate speeches and actions that introduce elements Johnson regards as inappropriate to the sacred subject. The supernatural machinery therefore demonstrates Cowley’s epic ambition but also exposes one of his major artistic weaknesses.

Battles, Adventures, and Heroic Action

Epic poetry normally contains battles, adventures, conflicts, and heroic actions. Davideis draws upon the military and political struggles surrounding David and Saul. Such events provide the poem with movement and dramatic possibilities. They also allow the hero to demonstrate courage, leadership, loyalty, and endurance.The presence of warfare connects Davideis with the traditional epic world of heroic action. Cowley attempts to transform biblical history into a narrative of large-scale conflict in which individual courage and divine purpose operate together.

Elevated Style and Grand Language

An epic subject generally demands an elevated style. Cowley attempts to meet this requirement through elaborate descriptions, metaphors, similes, learned references, and imaginative language. His learning is evident throughout the poem, and his descriptions often demonstrate considerable intellectual power.Johnson, however, makes an important distinction between grandeur of subject and success of expression. Cowley’s language is not always genuinely sublime. Instead, he frequently substitutes intellectual conceits for concrete poetic imagery. Johnson observes that Cowley often gives “inferences instead of images”; he does not always show the reader what might actually have been seen but instead explains what the sight might suggest.

Rich Imagery and Poetic Description

Description is one of the major sources of epic pleasure. Cowley certainly attempts to provide elaborate imagery. His description of Gabriel, for instance, constructs the supernatural figure through an elaborate combination of clouds, colours, stars, rainbow, and other elements of nature.Yet Johnson finds this type of imagery excessive. Instead of allowing the reader to form a general and powerful image, Cowley breaks it into numerous small details. Johnson compares the process to the work of a mercer or tailor. What might have been a grand picture becomes an accumulation of decorative particulars. Thus, Cowley possesses imagination, but his lack of restraint often weakens its poetic effect.

Complex Plot and Narrative Devices

Johnson notes that the plot of Davideis is “implex,” meaning that it contains a complicated or interconnected structure. Cowley uses several traditional epic devices. The past is recalled through narration, while the future is anticipated through visions. These techniques show his familiarity with classical epic models and demonstrate considerable narrative skill.Johnson nevertheless doubts whether Cowley could have sustained these devices throughout all twelve intended books. Since the poem already makes extensive use of these techniques in its four completed books, continuing the poem might have required him to repeat the same methods. The narrative therefore displays both Cowley’s learning and the difficulties created by his elaborate method.

Epic Learning and Classical Influence

Davideis is also epic in its enormous range of learning. Cowley was a deeply learned poet, and his poem reflects his familiarity with classical literature, mythology, theology, philosophy, and other branches of knowledge. His ambition was not merely to tell David’s story but to surround it with the intellectual richness expected of a great literary work.However, Johnson sees this learning as both a strength and a weakness. When knowledge serves the poem, it adds richness; when it becomes excessive, it produces pedantry. Johnson argues that Cowley introduces pedantic learning more frequently than Tasso. Thus, the scholarly character of Davideis contributes to its epic scale but sometimes interferes with its poetic effectiveness.

The Weakness of Excessive Conceits

The greatest obstacle to the success of Davideis is perhaps Cowley’s excessive reliance on conceits. Johnson complains that the poem is “spangled with conceits” and that conceits are virtually all that it supplies. Instead of presenting simple and powerful images, Cowley repeatedly turns ordinary objects and events into elaborate intellectual puzzles.For example, he describes Cain’s stone in terms of its possible function as a monument, and he transforms the sword of Goliath into an elaborate intellectual comparison. Such conceits demonstrate ingenuity but can weaken the heroic and emotional force that an epic requires.

Lack of Emotional Power

A great epic should not merely display learning; it should also move the reader. Johnson’s final judgement on Davideis is severe in this respect. He says that in Cowley’s works, including Davideis, readers are “sometimes surprised, but never delighted” and find “much to admire, but little to approve.”This is a crucial criticism. Cowley’s intelligence is undeniable, but his intellectual brilliance does not consistently produce emotional involvement. His characters, events, and descriptions are often buried beneath learning and artifice. As a result, the poem possesses many external qualities of an epic without fully achieving the emotional power of the greatest epics.

Unfinished Structure and Limited Achievement

The unfinished nature of Davideis is its most obvious structural weakness. Cowley intended twelve books but completed only four. Consequently, the complete development of the plot, characters, and action cannot be judged. Johnson therefore argues that the loss of the remaining books is not greatly regrettable as a source of poetic pleasure, though the learning that might have appeared in them could have been valuable.The incomplete structure also prevents the poem from achieving the unity and comprehensive design expected of a major epic. What survives is essentially a fragment of a much larger project.

Critical Assessment

Davideis therefore contains many genuine epic qualities, but its achievement remains limited. Cowley had the ambition, learning, imagination, and intellectual resources necessary for epic poetry. He selected a grand biblical subject, created heroic figures, introduced supernatural machinery, planned a twelve-book structure, and employed the narrative devices of classical epic.Yet Johnson shows why these qualities alone are insufficient. Cowley’s excessive conceits, elaborate learning, weak selection, abstract imagery, digressions, and careless language frequently prevent his poem from becoming truly great. His mind is “capacious by nature, and replenished by study,” but his poetic judgement is not always equal to his learning.

In conclusion, Davideis possesses several important qualities of an epic: a grand and sacred subject, a heroic figure, a large-scale design, supernatural machinery, battles and adventures, elevated aspirations, elaborate descriptions, and extensive learning. These qualities reveal Cowley’s determination to establish an English biblical epic in the classical tradition.Nevertheless, the poem does not fully succeed as a great epic. Its unfinished state, excessive conceits, pedantic learning, abstract imagery, digressions, and lack of sustained emotional power weaken its achievement. Johnson’s criticism is therefore especially valuable because he recognizes both sides of Cowley’s work. Davideis is the product of a remarkably learned and imaginative mind, but its epic ambition is greater than its artistic execution. As Johnson’s broader assessment suggests, Cowley possesses abundant fertility of thought, yet suffers from “negligent or unskilful selection.”

Davideis-āĻ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻŦ⧈āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϝ āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ

āφāĻŦā§āϰāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻŽ āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋāϰ Davideis āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§āϝ āϰāϚāύāĻžāϰ āωāĻšā§āϚāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ•ā§āώ⧀ āĻĒā§āϰāĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āϟāĻžāĨ¤ āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻžāĻšāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻŽā§‚āϞāϤ āĻŦāĻžāχāĻŦ⧇āϞ⧇āϰ āϰāĻžāϜāĻž āĻĄā§‡āĻ­āĻŋāĻĄā§‡āϰ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύāϕ⧇ āϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻ—āĻĄāĻŧ⧇ āωāϠ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋ āĻ­āĻžāĻ°ā§āϜāĻŋāϞ⧇āϰ Aeneid-āĻāϰ āφāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϟāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāϰ⧋āϟāĻŋ Books āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻ°ā§āϗ⧇ āϰāϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻļ⧇āώ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ āϚāĻžāϰāϟāĻŋ Book āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒ⧇āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύāĨ¤āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ“ Davideis āĻ…āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ, āϤāĻŦ⧁āĻ“ āĻāϤ⧇ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦ⧈āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϝ āϰāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϝ⧇āĻŽāĻ¨â€”āĻŽāĻšā§Ž āĻ“ āĻ—ā§ŒāϰāĻŦāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ, āĻŦā§€āϰ āύāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻ•, āĻ…āϤāĻŋāĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻ•ā§ƒāϤ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āωāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ, āϝ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ āĻ“ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāϝāĻžāύ, āωāĻ¨ā§āύāϤ āĻ“ āĻ—āĻŽā§āĻ­ā§€āϰ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϜāϟāĻŋāϞ āĻ•āĻžāĻšāĻŋāύāĻŋāϰ āĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹āĨ¤ āϤāĻŦ⧇ The Life of Cowley-āϤ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āϝāĻŧ⧇āϞ āϜāύāϏāύ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āύ āϝ⧇ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ conceit, āĻĒāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž, āĻ…āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āϜāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ digression āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āĻŦāϞ āĻ—āĻ āύāĻļ⧈āϞ⧀āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āĻāχ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§āϝ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻĒ⧌āρāĻ›āĻžāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āύāĻŋāĨ¤

āĻŽāĻšā§Ž āĻ“ āĻŦā§€āϰāĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ

āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻŦ⧈āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϝ āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁āϰ āĻŽāĻšāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋ Davideis-āĻāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϰāĻžāϜāĻž āĻĄā§‡āĻ­āĻŋāĻĄā§‡āϰ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύāϕ⧇ āĻŦ⧇āϛ⧇ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻĄā§‡āĻ­āĻŋāĻĄā§‡āϰ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧇ āϰāĻžāϜāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ, āϝ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ, āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ, āφāύ⧁āĻ—āĻ¤ā§āϝ, āĻĒā§āϰāϞ⧋āĻ­āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āψāĻļā§āĻŦāϰ⧇āϰ āχāĻšā§āĻ›āĻžâ€”āϏāĻŦāĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁āϰāχ āωāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ āϰāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤āĻāχ āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§āϝ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āωāĻĒāϝ⧋āĻ—ā§€, āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϜāĻžāϤāĻŋāϰ āχāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏ āĻ“ āĻ­āĻžāĻ—ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋ āϤāĻžāχ āĻŦāĻžāχāĻŦ⧇āϞ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰ āχāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏāϕ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ āĻŦā§€āϰāĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ•āĻžāĻšāĻŋāύāĻŋāϤ⧇ āϰ⧂āĻĒ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āϟāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤āϤāĻŦ⧇ āϜāύāϏāύ āĻāχ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāϚāύ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇āχ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻžāĻ“ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāύāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāχāĻŦ⧇āϞ⧇āϰ āϘāϟāύāĻžāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϰ āύāĻŋāϜāĻ¸ā§āĻŦ āĻĒāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰāϤāĻž āĻ“ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āϰāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻ• āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€āϝāĻŧ āĻļā§āϰāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āĻāϏāĻŦ āϘāϟāύāĻž āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϰ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āϞāĻ‚āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻ…āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āϜāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦ⧇āĻŽāĻžāύāĻžāύ āĻŦāϞ⧇ āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āψāĻļā§āĻŦāϰ āϏāϰāĻžāϏāϰāĻŋ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āϘāϟāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻšāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻĒ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ, āϏ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻž āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϏ⧇āχ āϘāϟāύāĻžāϕ⧇ āφāϰāĻ“ āĻŽāĻšāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻ•āĻ āĻŋāύāĨ¤ āĻĢāϞ⧇ Davideis-āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻšā§Ž āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧāχ āĻ•āĻ–āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻ–āύ⧋ āϤāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĻāĻžāρāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤

āĻĄā§‡āĻ­āĻŋāĻĄ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§āϝ⧇āϰ āύāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻ•

āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§āϝ⧇āϰ āφāϰ⧇āĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦ⧈āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϝ āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āĻŦā§€āϰ āĻ“ āϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ⧀āϝāĻŧ āύāĻžāϝāĻŧāϕ⧇āϰ āωāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋāĨ¤ Davideis-āĻ āĻĄā§‡āĻ­āĻŋāĻĄāϕ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ⧀ āĻ“ āĻŦā§€āϰ āϚāϰāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āωāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻĻ, āϝ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ, āύ⧇āϤ⧃āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ, āφāύ⧁āĻ—āĻ¤ā§āϝ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻ‚āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽ āϰāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻļāĻžāϰ⧀āϰāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻžāĻšāϏ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻžāĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāύāϏāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ“ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤āϜāύāϏāύ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻļ⧌āϞ⧇āϰ āϚāϰāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻ‚āϏāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧇, āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋ āĻļ⧌āϞ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ “both the body and mind of a hero” āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āĻŦā§€āϰ⧇āϰ āĻļāĻžāϰ⧀āϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ“ āĻŽāĻžāύāϏāĻŋāĻ• āϗ⧁āĻŖâ€”āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋāχ āĻĢ⧁āϟāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϤ⧁āϞ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤āĻĄā§‡āĻ­āĻŋāĻĄā§‡āϰ āĻŦā§€āϰāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āφāϰāĻ“ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āϟ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āϚāĻžāϰāĻĒāĻžāĻļ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻžāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ āύāύ; āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ—āϤ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻ“ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€āϝāĻŧ āχāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āϚāϰāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§āϝ⧇āϰ āύāĻžāϝāĻŧāϕ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āĻŦ⧃āĻšāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ āϤāĻžā§ŽāĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝ āϰāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤

āĻŦāĻžāϰ⧋āϟāĻŋ Book-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻž āĻ“ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§āϝāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒā§āϤāĻŋ

āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋ Davideis-āĻāϰ āĻ—āĻ āύ⧇āĻ“ āĻ§ā§āϰ⧁āĻĒāĻĻā§€ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§āϝ⧇āϰ āφāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϟāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāϰ⧋āϟāĻŋ Book-āĻ āĻ­āĻžāĻ— āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ, āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ­āĻžāĻ°ā§āϜāĻŋāϞ⧇āϰ Aeneid-āĻāĻ“ āĻŦāĻžāϰ⧋āϟāĻŋ Book āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤āĻāϤ⧇ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϝ⧇ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āϞāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āϝ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ āĻ“ āωāĻšā§āϚāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ•ā§āώ⧀ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§āϝ āϰāϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ Davideis-āϕ⧇ āĻ§ā§āϰ⧁āĻĒāĻĻā§€ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§āϝ⧇āϰ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻžāĻ—ā§āϝāϜāύāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ āϚāĻžāϰāϟāĻŋ Book āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒ⧇āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϜāύāϏāύ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧇, āĻāχ āĻ…āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāϤāĻž āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āĻŦāϞāϤāĻžāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻ• āĻ•āĻžāĻšāĻŋāύāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļ, āϚāϰāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŖāϤāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹ āϜāĻžāύāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āύ āύāĻžāĨ¤āϤāĻžāχ Davideis-āĻāϰ āĻ…āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāϤāĻž āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§āϝāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒā§āϤāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ•āϟāĻžāχ āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤

āĻ…āϤāĻŋāĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻ•ā§ƒāϤ āĻ“ āϐāĻļā§āĻŦāϰāĻŋāĻ• āωāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύ

āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāϤāĻŽ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦ⧈āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϝ āĻšāϞ⧋ supernatural machinery āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āϤāĻŋāĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻ•ā§ƒāϤ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āωāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋāĨ¤ Davideis-āĻ āψāĻļā§āĻŦāϰ, āĻĻ⧇āĻŦāĻĻā§‚āϤ, Lucifer āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻ•ā§ƒāϤ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āωāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ āϰāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤āĻāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāĻšāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ—āϤ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āϧ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ āύāĻž; āĻŦāϰāĻ‚ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŦ⧃āĻšāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ cosmic āĻŦāĻž āĻŽāĻšāĻžāϜāĻžāĻ—āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻž āϞāĻžāĻ­ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ Lucifer-āĻāϰ āωāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ–āϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝāĨ¤ āĻļ⧌āϞ āϝāĻ–āύ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ…āĻļ⧁āĻ­ āφāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻžāĻ—ā§āϰāĻ¸ā§āϤ āĻšāύ, āϤāĻ–āύ āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋ āϏ⧇āχ āϏ⧁āϝ⧋āϗ⧇ Hell āĻŦāĻž āύāϰāĻ• āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ Lucifer-āĻāϰ āχāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧃āϤ āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤āϤāĻŦ⧇ āϜāύāϏāύ āĻāχ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāϟāĻŋāϕ⧇ āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻžāϜāύāĻ• āĻŦāϞ⧇ āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧇, Lucifer āĻ“ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ…āĻļ⧁āĻ­ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘ āĻŦāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŦā§āϝ āĻ“ āύāĻžāύāĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻ•āĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄā§‡āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āωāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻĒāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻŦāĻžāχāĻŦ⧇āϞāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁āϟāĻž āĻ…āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžā§āϜāĻ¸ā§āϝ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤āĻ…āϤāĻāĻŦ, supernatural machinery āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§āϝāĻŋāĻ• āωāĻšā§āϚāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇āĻ“ āĻāĻ•āχ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ—āϤ āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āĻŦāϞāϤāĻžāĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤

āϝ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ, āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāϝāĻžāύ āĻ“ āĻŦā§€āϰāĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻ•āĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄ

āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§āϝ⧇ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ āϝ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ, āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāϝāĻžāύ, āϏāĻ‚āϘāĻ°ā§āώ āĻ“ āĻŦā§€āϰāĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āωāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤ Davideis-āĻ āĻĄā§‡āĻ­āĻŋāĻĄ āĻ“ āĻļ⧌āϞāϕ⧇ āϘāĻŋāϰ⧇ āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻ“ āϏāĻžāĻŽāϰāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻ‚āϘāĻžāϤ āϰāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤āĻāχ āϝ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ āĻ“ āϏāĻ‚āϘāĻ°ā§āώ āĻ•āĻžāĻšāĻŋāύāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻ—āϤāĻŋāĻļā§€āϞ āĻ“ āύāĻžāϟāϕ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϤ⧋āϞ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāĻ•āχ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āĻāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻĄā§‡āĻ­āĻŋāĻĄā§‡āϰ āϏāĻžāĻšāϏ, āύ⧇āϤ⧃āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ, āφāύ⧁āĻ—āĻ¤ā§āϝ āĻ“ āϏāĻšāύāĻļā§€āϞāϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻĒāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤āϝ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇āϰ āωāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ Davideis-āϕ⧇ āϐāϤāĻŋāĻšā§āϝāĻŦāĻžāĻšā§€ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§āϝ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāχāĻŦ⧇āϞ⧇āϰ āχāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏāϕ⧇ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻ• āĻŦ⧃āĻšā§Ž āϏāĻ‚āϘāĻ°ā§āώ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāĻšāĻŋāύāĻŋāϤ⧇ āϰ⧂āĻĒ āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻšā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āύ āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āĻŦā§€āϰāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āψāĻļā§āĻŦāϰ⧇āϰ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ āĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻžāĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤

āωāĻ¨ā§āύāϤ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻžāĻļ⧈āϞ⧀ āĻ“ āĻ—āĻŽā§āĻ­ā§€āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļāĻ­āĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋ

āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻšā§Ž āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āωāĻ¨ā§āύāϤ āĻ“ āĻ—āĻŽā§āĻ­ā§€āϰ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻžāĻļ⧈āϞ⧀ āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋ āĻāχ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āϜāύ āĻĒā§‚āϰāϪ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāύāĻž, metaphor, simile, āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āϤāĻĨā§āϝ, āĻĒ⧌āϰāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāĻ• āχāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋāϤ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻžāĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻŖ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ āĻĒāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ Davideis-āĻāϰ āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϝāĻĨ⧇āĻˇā§āϟ āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻŦ⧃āĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āϰāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āϜāύāϏāύ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻšāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§ƒāϤ āĻŽāĻšāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ•ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧇, āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻž āϏāĻŦ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āϏāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇ sublime āĻŦāĻž āĻŽāĻšāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ“āϠ⧇āύāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ āĻ“ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ⧀ poetic image-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧇ intellectual conceit āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤āϜāύāϏāύ⧇āϰ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ “inferences instead of images” āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻĻ⧃āĻļā§āϝ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āϕ⧇āϰ āĻšā§‹āϖ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāύ⧇ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϤ⧋āϞāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻĻāϞ⧇ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϏ⧇āχ āĻĻ⧃āĻļā§āϝ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϕ⧀ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤

āϏāĻŽā§ƒāĻĻā§āϧ āϚāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻ“ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāύāĻž

āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāύāĻž āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§āϝ⧇āϰ āφāύāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāϤāĻŽ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻ‰ā§ŽāϏāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋ Davideis-āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧃āϤ āĻ“ āĻ…āϞāĻ‚āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāύāĻž āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āϟāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ Gabriel-āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāύāĻž āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻŽā§‡āϘ, āϰāĻ‚, āϤāĻžāϰāĻž, āϰāĻžāĻŽāϧāύ⧁ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āωāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻāχ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻ•ā§ƒāϤ āϚāϰāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰāϟāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϚāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āϜāύāϏāύ āĻāχ āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāύāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧇, āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ āĻ“ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ⧀ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻ—ā§āϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻ›āĻŦāĻŋ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋ āϏ⧇āϟāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻ…āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝ āϛ⧋āϟ āϛ⧋āϟ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāϰāϪ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāĻ— āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĢ⧇āϞ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤āϜāύāϏāύ āĻāχ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϜāύ mercer āĻŦāĻž tailor-āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž, āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϏ⧁āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāϰ āĻ“ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻ—ā§āϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻ›āĻŦāĻŋāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧇ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϛ⧋āϟ āϛ⧋āϟ āĻ…āϞāĻ‚āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ āϜ⧁āĻĄāĻŧ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤āĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻžāĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āϝāĻĨ⧇āĻˇā§āϟ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ⧀ āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āϏāĻ‚āϝāĻŽā§‡āϰ āĻ…āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āϏ⧇āχ āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻžāϰ āϏ⧌āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§āϝ āύāĻˇā§āϟ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤

āϜāϟāĻŋāϞ Plot āĻ“ Narrative Devices

āϜāύāϏāύ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧇, Davideis-āĻāϰ plot āĻŦāĻž āĻ•āĻžāĻšāĻŋāύāĻŋ “implex”, āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž āĻāϟāĻŋ āϜāϟāĻŋāϞ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āϘāϟāύāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻ¸ā§āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ• āϰāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϚāϞāĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ narrative device āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇āϰ āϘāϟāύāĻž āĻ•āĻ–āύ⧋ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āϚāϰāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāύāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āϤ⧁āϞ⧇ āϧāϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āϝāϤ⧇āϰ āϘāϟāύāĻž vision āĻŦāĻž āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āϝāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāύ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āχāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤āĻāϏāĻŦ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϝ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋ āĻ§ā§āϰ⧁āĻĒāĻĻā§€ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§āϝ⧇āϰ āϰ⧀āϤāĻŋāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āϝāĻĨ⧇āĻˇā§āϟ āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ āϰāĻžāĻ–āϤ⧇āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϤāĻžāρāϰ narrative skill-āĻ“ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤āϤāĻŦ⧇ āϜāύāϏāύ āϏāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻš āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ āϝ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāϰ⧋āϟāĻŋ Book āϜ⧁āĻĄāĻŧ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋ āĻāχ āĻ•ā§ŒāĻļāϞāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āϏāĻĢāϞāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϧāϰ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāϤ⧇āύ āĻ•āĻŋ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āϚāĻžāϰāϟāĻŋ Book-āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇āχ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻāϏāĻŦ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻĒāϰāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ⧇ āĻāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇ āĻāĻ•āĻ˜ā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇āĻŽāĻŋ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāϤāĨ¤āϤāĻžāχ āĻāχ āϜāϟāĻŋāϞ narrative technique āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇, āϤ⧇āĻŽāύāĻŋ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•ā§ŒāĻļāϞāύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āϰāϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻžāĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤

āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§āϝāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ āĻ“ Classical Influence

Davideis-āĻāϰ āφāϰ⧇āĻ•āϟāĻŋ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ–āϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§āϝāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦ⧈āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϝ āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒ⧁āϞ āĻĒāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝāĨ¤āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāύ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϝāĻŧ classical literature, mythology, theology, philosophy āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāϝāĻŧ āĻĒāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ āĻĄā§‡āĻ­āĻŋāĻĄā§‡āϰ āĻ•āĻžāĻšāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻŦāϞāϤ⧇ āϚāĻžāύāύāĻŋ; āĻŦāϰāĻ‚ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāύ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§‡āϰ āωāĻĒāϝ⧋āĻ—ā§€ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒ⧁āϞ āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ āĻ“ āϚāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻŦ⧇āĻļ āϘāϟāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻšā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύāĨ¤āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āϜāύāϏāύ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧇, āĻāχ āĻĒāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ āĻāĻ•āχ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ“ āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āĻŦāϞāϤāĻžāĨ¤ āϝāĻ–āύ āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§ƒāĻĻā§āϧ āĻ•āϰ⧇, āϤāĻ–āύ āϤāĻž āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻŦāĻžāύ; āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āϝāĻ–āύ āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻ–āύ āϤāĻž pedantry āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāύ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŖāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤āϜāύāϏāύ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧇, āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋ āϤāĻžāϏ⧋āϰ (Tasso) āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ āφāϰāĻ“ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ pedantic learning āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤āĻ…āϤāĻāĻŦ, Davideis-āĻāϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§āϝāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻĒāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āϏ⧌āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§āϝ āĻ“ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŋāϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻŋāĻ—ā§āϰāĻ¸ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤

āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ Conceit-āĻāϰ āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āĻŦāϞāϤāĻž

Davideis-āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĢāĻ˛ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻĨ⧇ āϏāĻŦāĻšā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āĻŦāĻžāϧāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦāϤ āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ conceit-āĻāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰāĨ¤āϜāύāϏāύ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāϝ⧋āĻ— āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύ āϝ⧇ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϟāĻŋ “spangled with conceits”—āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž āĻ…āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝ conceit āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϝ⧇āύ āϏāĻžāϜāĻžāύ⧋āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧇, āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧāϕ⧇āĻ“ āϜāϟāĻŋāϞ āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϰ āϖ⧇āϞāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŖāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ Cain-āĻāϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻĨāϰāϕ⧇ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋ āϏ⧇āχ āĻĒāĻžāĻĨāϰāϟāĻŋ āϕ⧀āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ monument āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŽā§ƒāϤāĻŋāϚāĻŋāĻšā§āύ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇, āϤāĻž āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϜāϟāĻŋāϞ āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻŦ⧃āĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ Goliath-āĻāϰ āϤāϞ⧋āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰāϕ⧇āĻ“ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘ āĻ“ āϜāϟāĻŋāϞ intellectual comparison-āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āωāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤āĻāϏāĻŦ conceit āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻŽāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻž āĻ“ ingenuity āĻŦāĻž āϏ⧃āϜāύāĻļā§€āϞ āĻĻāĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāϝāĻŧ āĻĻ⧇āϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§āϝ⧇āϰ āϏāϰāϞ, āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ⧀ āĻ“ āφāĻŦ⧇āĻ—āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāϕ⧇ āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āĻŦāϞ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āϝāĻŧāĨ¤

āφāĻŦ⧇āϗ⧇āϰ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻ…āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ

āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāύ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§āϝ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ āĻĒāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ āĻ“ āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāύ āύāϝāĻŧ; āϤāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ āϕ⧇āϰ āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āϰ āφāĻŦ⧇āĻ—āĻ“ āϏ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ Davideis-āĻāϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āϜāύāϏāύ⧇āϰ āĻšā§‚āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻŦāĻŋāϚāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁āϟāĻž āĻ•āĻ ā§‹āϰāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻŦāϞ⧇āύ, āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋāϰ āϰāϚāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻ• “sometimes surprised, but never delighted”—āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž āĻ•āĻ–āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻ–āύ⧋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻŋāϤ āĻšāύ, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āφāύāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻŋāϤ āĻšāύ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻŦāϞ⧇āύ, āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻ• āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ “much to admire, but little to approve” āϖ⧁āρāĻœā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāύāĨ¤āĻāχ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻŦā§āϝāϟāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĨ¤āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻŽāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻž āύāĻŋāσāϏāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻšā§‡ āĻ…āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻŦ⧃āĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āωāĻœā§āĻœā§āĻŦāϞāϤāĻž āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āϕ⧇āϰ āφāĻŦ⧇āĻ—āϕ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āϚāϰāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰ, āϘāϟāύāĻž āĻ“ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāύāĻžāϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻĒāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ āĻ“ āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāĻŽ āĻ…āϞāĻ‚āĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻ­āĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤āĻĢāϞ⧇ Davideis-āĻ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻšā§āϝāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦ⧈āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϝ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇āĻ“ āĻļā§āϰ⧇āĻˇā§āĻ  āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āϰ āφāĻŦ⧇āĻ— āĻ“ āĻšā§ƒāĻĻāϝāĻŧāĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻļā§€ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āύāĻžāĨ¤

āĻ…āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹ āĻ“ āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻŋāϤ āϏāĻžāĻĢāĻ˛ā§āϝ

Davideis-āĻāϰ āϏāĻŦāĻšā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āϟ āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āĻŦāϞāϤāĻž āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻāϰ āĻ…āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāϤāĻžāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāϰ⧋āϟāĻŋ Book āϞ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ āϚāĻžāϰāϟāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒ⧇āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύāĨ¤āĻĢāϞ⧇ plot, character āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ action-āĻāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāχ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻ—ā§āϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻžāĻ“ āĻ…āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤āϜāύāϏāύ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧇, āĻŦāĻžāĻ•āĻŋ Book-āϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āύāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻŋāĻ• āφāύāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āϖ⧁āĻŦ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŽā§‡āϛ⧇ āĻŦāϞ⧇ āĻĻ⧁āσāĻ– āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āύ⧇āχ; āϤāĻŦ⧇ āϏ⧇āϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϤ⧇ āφāϰāĻ“ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āĻĒāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāϤ, āϝāĻž āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻŦāĻžāύ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāϤāĨ¤āĻ…āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ Davideis āϏ⧇āχ unity āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ comprehensive design āĻ…āĻ°ā§āϜāύ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āύāĻŋ, āϝāĻž āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§āϝ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āϜāύ⧀āϝāĻŧāĨ¤

āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻ—ā§āϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ

āϏ⧁āϤāϰāĻžāĻ‚, Davideis-āĻ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§ƒāϤ āĻŦ⧈āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϝ āϰāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§āϝ āϰāϚāύāĻžāϰ āωāĻšā§āϚāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ•ā§āώāĻž, āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒ⧁āϞ āĻĒāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ, āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻžāĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻŦ⧃āĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻžāĨ¤āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŽāĻšā§Ž āĻŦāĻžāχāĻŦ⧇āϞāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āĻŦ⧇āϛ⧇ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āύ, āĻŦā§€āϰ āϚāϰāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰ āϏ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύ, supernatural machinery āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύ, āĻŦāĻžāϰ⧋āϟāĻŋ Book-āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ classical epic-āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ narrative technique āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āϜāύāϏāύ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āύ āϝ⧇ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ āĻāϏāĻŦ āĻŦ⧈āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϝ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇āχ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻŽāĻšāĻžāύ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§āϝ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŖāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āύāĻžāĨ¤āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ conceit, āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻĒāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ, āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āĻŦāϞ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāϚāύ, abstract imagery, āĻ…āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āϜāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ digression āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āφāĻŦ⧇āϗ⧇āϰ āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āĻŦāϞāϤāĻž āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻŋāĻ—ā§āϰāĻ¸ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāύ “capacious by nature, and replenished by study”—āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāϤāχ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻŽāύ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻ§ā§āϝāϝāĻŧāύ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āϤāĻž āφāϰāĻ“ āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύāϏāĻŽā§ƒāĻĻā§āϧ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āϤāĻžāρāϰ poetic judgement āĻŦāĻž āĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§āϝāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāϚāĻžāϰāĻŦā§‹āϧ āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āϏ⧇āχ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒ⧁āϞ āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āύāĻžāĨ¤

āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ⧇ āĻŦāϞāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ, Davideis-āĻ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦ⧈āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϝ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āϟāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ—āĻŽāĻšā§Ž āĻ“ āĻĒāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ, āĻŦā§€āϰ āύāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻ•, āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻž, supernatural machinery, āϝ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ āĻ“ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāϝāĻžāύ, āωāĻ¨ā§āύāϤ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻžāĻļ⧈āϞ⧀, āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧃āϤ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāύāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒ⧁āϞ āĻĒāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝāĨ¤āĻāϏāĻŦ āĻŦ⧈āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϝ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋ āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ⧇ classical tradition āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ biblical epic āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻž āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύāĨ¤āϤāĻŦ⧇ Davideis āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāύ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§āϝ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻĒ⧁āϰ⧋āĻĒ⧁āϰāĻŋ āϏāĻĢāϞ āĻšāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻāϰ āĻ…āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāϤāĻž, āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ conceit, āĻĒāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻŖāϤāĻž, abstract imagery, digression āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āφāĻŦ⧇āϗ⧇āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϝāĻŧā§€ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻ…āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĢāĻ˛ā§āϝāϕ⧇ āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤āϤāĻŦ⧁āĻ“ āϜāύāϏāύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ, āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋāϰ āϰāϚāύāĻžāϰ āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋ āĻ“ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ—āĻĻ⧁āχ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•āχ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤ Davideis āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāύ āĻ“ āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻžāĻļā§€āϞ āĻŽāύ⧇āϰ āϏ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ; āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻāϰ epic ambition āϤāĻžāϰ artistic execution-āĻāϰ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧāĨ¤āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž, āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋāϰ āϚāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻžāϰ āωāĻ°ā§āĻŦāϰāϤāĻž āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻ…āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āĻŦāϞāϤāĻž āĻ›āĻŋāϞ “negligent or unskilful selection”—āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž āωāĻĒāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻž āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻŦ⧇āϛ⧇ āύ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻ…āϏāϤāĻ°ā§āĻ•āϤāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻĻāĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĨ¤āϏ⧁āϤāϰāĻžāĻ‚, Davideis āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ…āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āωāĻšā§āϚāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ•ā§āώ⧀ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§āϝāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āϟāĻž, āϝāĻž āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻ…āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻĒāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ āĻ“ āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻžāĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻšāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇, āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ“ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻŦ⧃āĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻž āĻ“ āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ—āϤ āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āĻŦāϞāϤāĻž āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ— āĻŽāĻšāĻžāύ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§āϝ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŖāϤ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āϝāĻŧāύāĻŋāĨ¤

03. Consider Samuel Johnson’s Life of Cowley as a piece of literary criticism. ★★★

Samuel Johnson’s The Life of Cowley, included in Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets, is much more than a simple account of the life of Abraham Cowley. It is also an important piece of literary criticism. While presenting the major events of Cowley’s life, Johnson examines his poetry, his literary theories, his style, his use of wit and conceits, and his position in the history of English poetry. Through Cowley, Johnson also develops his famous criticism of the metaphysical poets. Thus, The Life of Cowley successfully combines biography, literary history, critical analysis, and moral judgement.

Johnson’s Critical Purpose

Johnson approaches literature with certain definite principles. He believes that poetry should represent human nature, communicate clearly, give pleasure, and possess lasting value. For him, poetry should not be merely a display of learning or cleverness. It should have a meaningful relationship with universal human experience.His criticism is therefore both aesthetic and moral. He examines not only whether a poem is technically skilful but also whether it affects the reader, represents life naturally, and offers something valuable beyond temporary intellectual amusement.

Johnson and the Metaphysical Poets

The most famous part of The Life of Cowley is Johnson’s discussion of the metaphysical poets. Cowley becomes the representative figure through whom Johnson examines this school of poetry.Johnson recognizes that the metaphysical poets were highly learned and intellectually powerful. They possessed extraordinary abilities of reflection and comparison. However, he argues that they frequently used these abilities without sufficient artistic restraint.Their poetry is characterized by unusual comparisons, intellectual arguments, learned references, and elaborate conceits. Johnson believes that these features often make their poetry artificial and difficult.

The Theory of the Conceit

Johnson’s most important critical contribution is his explanation of the metaphysical conceit. He famously says that the metaphysical poets brought together “heterogeneous ideas” and joined them “by violence.”By “heterogeneous ideas,” Johnson means things that naturally belong to very different categories. The metaphysical poet discovers an unexpected relationship between them and develops that relationship through an elaborate comparison.Johnson admires the intellectual ingenuity behind such comparisons, but he objects when the comparison appears forced. In his view, the poet sometimes sacrifices naturalness and emotional truth merely to demonstrate cleverness.

Wit and Excessive Intellectualism

Johnson does not reject wit itself. He acknowledges the metaphysical poets’ extraordinary intellectual ability. His objection is to the excessive use of wit.According to Johnson, a poet should use intelligence in the service of poetry. When intellectual ingenuity becomes the main purpose of a poem, genuine emotion and beauty may disappear. The reader may admire the cleverness of an idea without being deeply moved by it.Thus, Johnson’s criticism is essentially a criticism of wit without proportion and restraint.

Poetry and Universal Human Nature

Another important principle of Johnson’s criticism is the idea of general or universal nature. He believes that great poetry should deal with experiences and emotions that are common to humanity.A poem should not depend entirely upon private experiences or obscure intellectual references. It should communicate something that readers across different periods can recognize and understand.This principle explains Johnson’s dissatisfaction with much metaphysical poetry. The metaphysical poets frequently use private learning and complicated arguments that may prevent ordinary readers from immediately understanding their meaning.

Clarity and Accessibility

Johnson values clarity, simplicity, and intelligibility in poetry. He believes that literature should communicate effectively with its readers.The metaphysical poets, however, often demand considerable intellectual effort from the reader. Their poems contain difficult conceits, sudden transitions, learned allusions, and elaborate arguments.Johnson considers this a weakness because poetry should not become unnecessarily obscure. His criticism therefore reflects his belief that intellectual depth and clarity should exist together.

Poetry Should Delight and Instruct

Johnson also believes that literature should both please and instruct. Poetry should provide aesthetic pleasure, but it should also deepen the reader’s understanding of life.This moral dimension is central to Johnson’s criticism. He judges poetry partly by its effect upon the reader’s mind and character. A poem that displays cleverness without offering emotional or intellectual value does not completely fulfil the purpose of poetry.

Johnson’s Criticism of Cowley

Johnson’s treatment of Cowley is balanced. He does not dismiss him as a worthless poet. On the contrary, he recognizes Cowley’s remarkable learning, wit, scholarship, and intellectual power.Cowley’s mind is exceptionally fertile. He can make surprising connections between distant ideas and can display extensive knowledge in his poetry. Johnson acknowledges these strengths.However, he believes Cowley often lacks proper selection and restraint. His abundant learning sometimes becomes pedantic, while his conceits can become excessive. As a result, his poetry may impress the intellect without producing sufficient emotional pleasure.

Criticism of The Mistress

Johnson’s discussion of Cowley’s The Mistress illustrates his critical method particularly well. He recognizes Cowley’s ability as a love poet but objects to the excessive intellectualism of the poems.The use of elaborate conceits sometimes draws attention away from genuine love and emotion. Instead of allowing emotion to develop naturally, Cowley frequently turns it into an intellectual problem.Johnson’s criticism here demonstrates his central principle: poetic ingenuity must remain subordinate to poetic feeling and natural expression.

Appreciation of Cowley’s Achievement

Johnson’s criticism is not entirely negative. He recognizes Cowley’s contribution to English poetry, especially his use of the Pindaric ode. Cowley helped establish and popularize this form in English poetry.This appreciation is important because it proves that Johnson is capable of recognizing innovation even while criticizing a poet’s weaknesses. His judgement is therefore more balanced than a simple condemnation of Cowley would suggest.

Johnson’s Neoclassical Outlook

Johnson’s criticism reflects his position as an eighteenth-century neoclassical critic. He values order, proportion, decorum, harmony, clarity, and naturalness.These principles strongly influence his judgement of Cowley and the metaphysical poets. Their strange imagery, intellectual puzzles, irregularities, and unusual comparisons appear to Johnson as violations of good poetic taste.His classicism gives his criticism a coherent theoretical foundation. However, it also creates certain limitations.

Strength of Johnson’s Criticism

One major strength of Johnson’s criticism is its clarity. He expresses complex literary ideas in powerful and memorable language. His description of metaphysical poetry as the violent joining of “heterogeneous ideas” remains one of the most famous formulations in English literary criticism.Another strength is his ability to identify the essential characteristics of a literary style. He does not merely say that Cowley’s poetry is difficult; he explains the role of conceit, wit, learning, and intellectual comparison in producing that difficulty.

Strength: Balance and Fairness

Johnson is also remarkably balanced. He recognizes Cowley’s strengths while identifying his weaknesses. He admires his scholarship and ingenuity but criticizes his excessive use of intellectual devices.This balance prevents Johnson’s criticism from becoming a personal attack. His judgement is based upon definite literary principles.

Limitation: Underestimation of Metaphysical Poetry

Johnson’s greatest limitation is that his neoclassical standards sometimes prevent him from fully appreciating the originality of metaphysical poetry.What Johnson considers an artificial conceit may also be seen as an imaginative attempt to connect thought and emotion. The unusual comparisons of metaphysical poetry can produce new ways of understanding love, religion, death, and other complex experiences.Johnson focuses more on the artificiality of the technique than on the imaginative power that lies behind it.

Limitation: Underestimation of Emotional Complexity

Johnson also tends to regard metaphysical poetry as excessively intellectual. Later critics have shown that metaphysical poetry can combine intense emotion with intellectual argument.The fact that an emotion is expressed through thought does not necessarily mean that the emotion is absent. In some metaphysical poems, intellectual conceits actually intensify the emotional experience.Thus, Johnson’s criticism is valuable but not the final judgement on metaphysical poetry.

Limitation: Historical Perspective

Johnson also judges seventeenth-century poetry largely according to eighteenth-century neoclassical standards. He does not always consider sufficiently the religious, political, scientific, and intellectual conditions in which metaphysical poetry developed.A more historically sensitive approach might have helped him understand why these poets preferred difficult arguments and unusual combinations of ideas.

Later Reassessment of Johnson

Later critics, particularly T. S. Eliot, reassessed the metaphysical poets more positively. Eliot argued that the metaphysical poets possessed a special ability to unite thought and feeling. From this perspective, the conceit is not merely an artificial intellectual trick; it can become a powerful instrument for expressing complex experience.This later reassessment does not make Johnson’s criticism worthless. Rather, it shows that literary criticism changes with different historical perspectives. Johnson identified genuine weaknesses in metaphysical poetry, but he did not fully recognize all of its strengths.

In conclusion, The Life of Cowley is a significant piece of literary criticism as well as a biography. Johnson uses Cowley’s poetry to discuss larger questions concerning wit, conceit, universal human nature, clarity, emotion, poetic pleasure, morality, and artistic discipline.His famous criticism of metaphysical poetry is powerful because it clearly identifies the tendency to force distant ideas together through elaborate conceits. His judgement is strengthened by his clarity, balance, learning, and moral seriousness. At the same time, his strict neoclassical standards sometimes prevent him from appreciating the originality and emotional depth of metaphysical poetry.Therefore, The Life of Cowley should be regarded as a brilliant but historically conditioned work of literary criticism. Johnson does not provide the final word on Cowley or the metaphysical poets, but he provides an influential framework for understanding them. His combination of literary analysis, moral judgement, biography, and memorable prose makes The Life of Cowley one of the important landmarks of eighteenth-century English criticism.

āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ-āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϰ āϰāϚāύāĻž āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ Samuel Johnson-āĻāϰ The Life of Cowley

Samuel Johnson-āĻāϰ The Life of Cowley, āϝāĻž āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāϤ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻ¨ā§āĻĨ Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets-āĻāϰ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϤāĻ°ā§āϭ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ, āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ Abraham Cowley-āĻāϰ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāϰāĻŖ āύāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āχ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ-āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āϰāϚāύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧇āϰ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āϘāϟāύāĻžāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āϤ⧁āϞ⧇ āϧāϰāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻžāĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻŋ āϜāύāϏāύ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻž, āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻŋāĻ• āϚāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻž, āĻ­āĻžāώāĻžāĻļ⧈āϞ⧀, wit āĻ“ conceit-āĻāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϰ āχāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏ⧇ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋāϕ⧇ āϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϜāύāϏāύ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ Metaphysical poets-āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻĢāϞ⧇ The Life of Cowley āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧀, āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ-āχāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏ, āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ-āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāϚāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϏ⧁āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻŦāϝāĻŧ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āωāϠ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤

Johnson-āĻāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϰ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ

āϜāύāϏāύ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻŋāĻ• āύ⧀āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ āĻŦāĻŋāϚāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧇, āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāĻœā§€āĻŦāύ āĻ“ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāϰ āϝāĻĨāĻžāϝāĻĨ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž āωāϚāĻŋāϤāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āϟāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇, āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻ•āϕ⧇ āφāύāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻĻ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϝāĻŧā§€ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝ āĻŦāĻšāύ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϛ⧇ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ āĻĒāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāύ āύāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāϤāĻž āĻ“ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻ­ā§‚āϤāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻĻāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰāĨ¤āϤāĻžāχ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻāĻ•āχ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ aesthetic āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ moralāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ āĻĻ⧇āϖ⧇āύāύāĻŋ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŋāĻ—āϰāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ• āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻ•āϤāϟāĻž āĻĻāĻ•ā§āώ; āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āφāϰāĻ“ āĻŦāĻŋāϚāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āĻ¨â€”āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϟāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āϕ⧇āϰ āĻŽāύ⧇ āϕ⧀ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻĢ⧇āϞ⧇, āĻœā§€āĻŦāύāϕ⧇ āĻ•āϤāϟāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϤ⧁āϞ⧇ āϧāϰ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏāĻžāĻŽāϝāĻŧāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϰ āφāύāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻžāχāϰ⧇ āĻāϰ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϝāĻŧā§€ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝ āφāϛ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋ āύāĻžāĨ¤

Johnson āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ Metaphysical Poets

The Life of Cowley-āĻāϰ āϏāĻŦāĻšā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāϤ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ āĻšāϞ⧋ Metaphysical poets āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āϜāύāϏāύ⧇āϰ āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ Cowley āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāύāĻŋāϧāĻŋ, āϝāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āϜāύāϏāύ āĻāχ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ āĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§āϝāϧāĻžāϰāĻžāϰ āĻŦ⧈āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϝ āĻ“ āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āĻŦāϞāϤāĻžāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤āϜāύāϏāύ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ āϝ⧇ Metaphysical poets āĻ…āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāϤ āĻ“ āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāρāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϚāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻžāĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ, āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖāĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻ…āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĨ¤āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāϝ⧋āĻ— āĻšāϞ⧋, āϤāĻžāρāϰāĻž āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻāχ āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāϕ⧇ āϝāĻĨ⧇āĻˇā§āϟ āϏāĻ‚āϝāĻŽā§‡āϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāύāĻŋāĨ¤āϤāĻžāρāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻž, āϜāϟāĻŋāϞ āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ, āĻĒāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ reference āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ elaborate conceit-āĻāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϜāύāϏāύ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧇, āĻāϏāĻŦ āĻŦ⧈āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϝ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāĻŽ āĻ“ āĻ•āĻ āĻŋāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϤ⧋āϞ⧇āĨ¤

Conceit-āĻāϰ āϤāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ

Metaphysical poetry āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āϜāύāϏāύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŦāĻšā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āĻ…āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻšāϞ⧋ conceit āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāĨ¤āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāϤāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāϞ⧇āύ āϝ⧇ Metaphysical poets “heterogeneous ideas”-āϕ⧇ “by violence” āĻāĻ•āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤â€œheterogeneous ideas” āĻŦāϞāϤ⧇ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāύ āϏāĻŦ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāύ, āϝ⧇āϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻāϕ⧇ āĻ…āĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āφāϞāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĨ¤ Metaphysical āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻāχ āĻĻā§‚āϰāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ…āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻļāĻŋāϤ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ• āϖ⧁āρāĻœā§‡ āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏ⧇āχ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•āϕ⧇ āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘ āĻ“ āϜāϟāĻŋāϞ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤āϜāύāϏāύ āĻāχ āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻžāϰ āĻĒ⧇āĻ›āύ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻŽāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āϝāĻ–āύ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻžāϟāĻŋ āĻœā§‹āϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻ–āύ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧇, āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻž āĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§ƒāϤ āφāĻŦ⧇āĻ—āϕ⧇ āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻ— āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϰ āϚāĻŽāĻ• āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϤ⧇ āϚāĻžāύāĨ¤

Wit āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ Intellectualism

āϜāύāϏāύ wit-āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ⧀ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ Metaphysical poets-āĻāϰ āĻ…āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻŦ⧃āĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤āϤāĻžāρāϰ āφāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ wit-āĻāϰ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇āĨ¤āϜāύāϏāύ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧇, āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϰ āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻŽāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻž āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ intellectual ingenuity āĻŦāĻž āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϰ āϚāĻŽāĻ•āχ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ“āϠ⧇, āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§ƒāϤ āφāĻŦ⧇āĻ— āĻ“ āϏ⧌āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§āϝ āύāĻˇā§āϟ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤āĻāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻ• āĻšāϝāĻŧāϤ⧋ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϰ āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻĻā§€āĻĒā§āϤ āϚāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻŽā§āĻ—ā§āϧ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āύ, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻšā§ƒāĻĻāϝāĻŧ āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻļ āύāĻžāĻ“ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤āĻ…āϤāĻāĻŦ, āϜāύāϏāύ⧇āϰ āĻŽā§‚āϞ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻšāϞ⧋ wit-āĻāϰ āĻ…āϏāĻ‚āϝāϤ āĻ“ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰāĨ¤

Poetry āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ Universal Human Nature

āϜāύāϏāύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϰ āφāϰ⧇āĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āύ⧀āϤāĻŋ āĻšāϞ⧋ general nature āĻŦāĻž universal human nature-āĻāϰ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻžāĨ¤āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧇, āĻļā§āϰ⧇āĻˇā§āĻ  āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāϤāĻž āĻ“ āφāĻŦ⧇āĻ— āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϞāĻŦ⧇, āϝāĻž āϏāĻŦ āϝ⧁āϗ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ āĻŦ⧁āĻāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ—āϤ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāϤāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻ…āϤāĻŋ-āĻ—ā§‹āĻĒāύ āĻĒāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āϰ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻŦāϰāĻ‚ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇, āϝāĻžāϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻ• āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻŋāϞ āϖ⧁āρāĻœā§‡ āĻĒ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āύāĨ¤āĻāχ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇āχ āϜāύāϏāύ Metaphysical poetry-āĻāϰ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ…āϏāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁āĻˇā§āϟ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻāϏāĻŦ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ—āϤ āĻĒāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ, āϜāϟāĻŋāϞ āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§‹āĻ§ā§āϝ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻžāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϤ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āϝ⧇ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āϕ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϛ⧇ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āϏāĻšāĻœā§‡ āϧāϰāĻž āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤

Clarity āĻ“ Accessibility

āϜāύāϏāύ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϝāĻŧ clarity, simplicity āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ intelligibility-āϕ⧇ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧇, āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āϕ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϛ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻŦāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŦā§āϝ āĻĒ⧌āρāϛ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧇ āϏāĻ•ā§āώāĻŽ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āωāϚāĻŋāϤāĨ¤āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ Metaphysical poets-āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻ•āĻ āĻŋāύ conceit, āĻšāĻ āĻžā§Ž āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ, learned allusion āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϜāϟāĻŋāϞ argument āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤āĻāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻ•āϕ⧇ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻŦ⧁āĻāϤ⧇ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻŦ⧃āĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻļā§āϰāĻŽ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤āϜāύāϏāύ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϛ⧇ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āĻŦāϞāϤāĻžāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧇, āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻ…āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āϜāύ⧀āϝāĻŧāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§‹āĻ§ā§āϝ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āωāϚāĻŋāϤ āύāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āύ⧀āϤāĻŋ āĻšāĻ˛ā§‹â€”āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϰ āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āϰāϤāĻž āĻ“ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āϟāϤāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻžāĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž āωāϚāĻŋāϤāĨ¤

Poetry Should Delight and Instruct

āϜāύāϏāύ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧇, āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ āĻāĻ•āχ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ delight and instruct āĻ•āϰāĻŦā§‡â€”āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž āφāύāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻĻ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻĻ⧇āĻŦ⧇āĨ¤āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻ•āϕ⧇ āϏ⧌āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āφāύāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻĻ⧇āĻŦ⧇, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻāĻ•āχ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ āĻ“ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āωāĻĒāϞāĻŦā§āϧāĻŋāĻ“ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤āĻāχ āύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϜāύāϏāύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāϚāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ āϕ⧇āϰ āĻŽāύ āĻ“ āϚāϰāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇āϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰ āϕ⧀ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻĢ⧇āϞ⧇āĨ¤āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϰ āϚāĻŽāĻ• āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻ•āϕ⧇ āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āϰ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻ­ā§‚āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻŦāĻžāύ āωāĻĒāϞāĻŦā§āϧāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧇ āύāĻž āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇, āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧇ āϏ⧇āχ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻž āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ āϏāĻĢāϞāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϞāύ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āύāĻŋāĨ¤

Cowley āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ Johnson-āĻāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž

āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāϚāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āϜāύāϏāύ āϝāĻĨ⧇āĻˇā§āϟ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϝāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻšā§€āύ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāϤāĻŋāϞ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāύāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻŦāϰāĻ‚ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻ…āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻĒāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ, wit, scholarship āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ intellectual power-āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻ‚āϏāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāύ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āωāĻ°ā§āĻŦāϰāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻĻā§‚āϰāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀ āĻ“ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āφāĻļā§āϚāĻ°ā§āϝāϜāύāĻ• āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ• āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāϤ⧇āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒ⧁āϞ āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāϤ⧇āύāĨ¤āϜāύāϏāύ āĻāϏāĻŦ āϗ⧁āĻŖ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤āϤāĻŦ⧇ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧇, āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻŦāĻšā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻž āĻ›āĻŋāϞ selection āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ restraint-āĻāϰ āĻ…āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒ⧁āϞ āĻĒāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ pedantry āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻĒāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāύ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŖāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāĻ•āχāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϤāĻžāρāϰ conceit-āĻāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰāĻ“ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻžāϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϗ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤āĻĢāϞ⧇ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻŽā§āĻ—ā§āϧ āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇āĻ“ āϝāĻĨ⧇āĻˇā§āϟ āφāĻŦ⧇āĻ—āĻ—āϤ āφāύāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤

The Mistress-āĻāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž

āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋāϰ The Mistress āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āϜāύāϏāύ⧇āϰ āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āϤāĻžāρāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋ āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖāĨ¤āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋāϰ love poet āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻĻāĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϤ⧇ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ intellectualism-āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ elaborate conceit-āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§ƒāϤ āĻĒā§āϰ⧇āĻŽ āĻ“ āφāĻŦ⧇āĻ— āφāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϞ⧇ āϚāϞ⧇ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āφāĻŦ⧇āĻ—āϕ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻĒā§āϰ⧇āĻŽāϕ⧇āĻ“ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ intellectual problem-āĻāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āωāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇āχ āϜāύāϏāύ⧇āϰ āĻŽā§‚āϞ āύ⧀āϤāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āϟ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ“āĻ ā§‡â€”poetic ingenuity āĻŦāĻž āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻĻā§€āĻĒā§āϤāϤāĻž āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§āϝāχ poetic feeling āĻ“ natural expression-āĻāϰ āĻ…āϧ⧀āύ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋ

āϜāύāϏāύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āύ⧇āϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϚāĻ• āύāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻ…āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ āĻ•āϰ⧇ Pindaric Ode āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋāϰ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋ āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāχ āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ Ode-āϕ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻŋāϤ āĻ“ āϜāύāĻĒā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύāĨ¤āĻāχ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϝ⧇ āϜāύāϏāύ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϰ āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āĻŦāϞāϤāĻž āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇āĻ“ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻ“ āύāϤ⧁āύāĻ¤ā§āĻŦāϕ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁āϤ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύāĨ¤āϤāĻžāχ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϚāĻžāϰāϕ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇ āϏāϰāϞ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ•āĻĒāĻžāĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāĻ• āφāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽāĻŖ āĻŦāϞāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āύāĻžāĨ¤

Johnson-āĻāϰ Neoclassical āĻĻ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋāĻ­āĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋ

āϜāύāϏāύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻ…āĻˇā§āϟāĻžāĻĻāĻļ āĻļāϤāϕ⧇āϰ Neoclassical āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻŋāĻ• āφāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āϰāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ order, proportion, decorum, harmony, clarity āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ naturalness-āϕ⧇ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤āĻāχ āύ⧀āϤāĻŋāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āχ āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋ āĻ“ Metaphysical poets-āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϚāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āωāϠ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤āϤāĻžāρāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻĻā§āϭ⧁āϤ imagery, āϜāϟāĻŋāϞ intellectual puzzle, āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽāĻŋāϤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļāĻ­āĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋ āϜāύāϏāύ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϛ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋ poetic taste-āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ⧀ āĻŦāϞ⧇ āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤āĻ…āϤāĻāĻŦ, āϤāĻžāρāϰ Classicism āϤāĻžāρāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϏ⧁āϏāĻ‚āĻ—āĻ āĻŋāϤ āϤāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻŦ⧇ āĻāĻ•āχ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āĻāχ Classicism āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻžāĻ“ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤

Johnson-āĻāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϰ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ

āϜāύāϏāύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāϤāĻŽ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āϟāϤāĻžāĨ¤āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϜāϟāĻŋāϞ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻŋāĻ• āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻžāϕ⧇āĻ“ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ⧀ āĻ“ āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāϰāĻŖā§€āϝāĻŧ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāϤ⧇āύāĨ¤ Metaphysical poetry āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āϤāĻžāρāϰ “heterogeneous ideas”-āϕ⧇ “by violence” āĻāĻ•āĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŦā§āϝ āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ-āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϰ āχāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏ⧇ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāϤāĨ¤āφāϰ⧇āĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āϗ⧁āĻŖ āĻšāĻ˛ā§‹â€”āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻŋāĻ• āϰāϚāύāĻžāϰ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ āĻŦāĻžāĻšā§āϝāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦ⧈āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϝ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāύāĻŋ; āĻŦāϰāĻ‚ āϏ⧇āχ āĻŦ⧈āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϝ āϕ⧀āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻĢ⧇āϞ⧇, āϤāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāϰ⧂āĻĒ, āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ āĻŦāϞ⧇āύāύāĻŋ āϝ⧇ Cowley-āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻ•āĻ āĻŋāύ; āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āύ āϕ⧀āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ conceit, wit, learning āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ intellectual comparison āϏ⧇āχ āϜāϟāĻŋāϞāϤāĻž āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤

āĻ­āĻžāϰāϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϝ āĻ“ āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāϏāĻ‚āĻ—āϤ āĻŦāĻŋāϚāĻžāϰ

āϜāύāϏāύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϰ āφāϰ⧇āĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻšāϞ⧋ āϤāĻžāρāϰ balance and fairnessāĨ¤āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύ, āϤ⧇āĻŽāύāĻŋ āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āĻŦāϞāϤāĻžāĻ“ āϤ⧁āϞ⧇ āϧāϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ āĻ“ āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻŽāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻ‚āϏāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύ, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻāĻ•āχ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ intellectual device āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤āĻāχ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϝ āϜāύāϏāύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ—āϤ āφāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽāĻŖ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻĻā§‚āϰ⧇ āϰ⧇āϖ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϚāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻŋāĻ• āύ⧀āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻŋāϤāĨ¤

āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻž: Metaphysical Poetry-āϕ⧇ āĻ…āĻŦāĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ

āϜāύāϏāύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŦāĻšā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻž āĻšāϞ⧋ āϤāĻžāρāϰ Neoclassical āφāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ Metaphysical poetry-āĻāϰ āĻŽā§ŒāϞāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻĒ⧁āϰ⧋āĻĒ⧁āϰāĻŋ āωāĻĒāϞāĻŦā§āϧāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āύāύāĻŋāĨ¤āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϝ⧇ conceit-āϕ⧇ āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāĻŽ āĻ“ āĻœā§‹āϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻŦāϞ⧇ āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ, āϏ⧇āϟāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϏ⧃āϜāύāĻļā§€āϞ āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇āĻ“ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āϝ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤Metaphysical poets-āĻāϰ āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻž āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻĒā§āϰ⧇āĻŽ, āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽ, āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āϝ⧁ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϜāϟāĻŋāϞ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āύāϤ⧁āύāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϰ āϏ⧁āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻĻ⧇āϝāĻŧāĨ¤āϜāύāϏāύ āĻŽā§‚āϞāϤ āĻāχ technique-āĻāϰ artificiality-āĻāϰ āĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āύāϜāϰ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āύ; āĻāϰ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϤāĻ°ā§āύāĻŋāĻšāĻŋāϤ imaginative power-āϕ⧇ āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āϝāĻĨ⧇āĻˇā§āϟ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻĻ⧇āύāύāĻŋāĨ¤

āφāĻŦ⧇āϗ⧇āϰ āϜāϟāĻŋāϞāϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻ…āĻŦāĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ

āϜāύāϏāύ Metaphysical poetry-āϕ⧇ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ intellectual āĻŦāϞ⧇ āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻĒāϰāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāϕ⧇āϰāĻž āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āύ āϝ⧇ Metaphysical poetry-āϤ⧇ āϤ⧀āĻŦā§āϰ āφāĻŦ⧇āĻ— āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻŦ⧃āĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āϚāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻžāϰ āϚāĻŽā§ŽāĻ•āĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻŦāϝāĻŧ āϘāϟāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āφāĻŦ⧇āĻ—āϕ⧇ āϚāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻŽāĻžāύ⧇āχ āϏ⧇āχ āφāĻŦ⧇āĻ— āĻ…āύ⧁āĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤â€”āĻāĻŽāύ āύāϝāĻŧāĨ¤āĻŦāϰāĻ‚ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• Metaphysical poem-āĻ intellectual conceit āφāĻŦ⧇āĻ—āϕ⧇ āφāϰāĻ“ āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āϰ āĻ“ āϤ⧀āĻŦā§āϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϤ⧁āϞāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤āϤāĻžāχ āϜāύāϏāύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻŦāĻžāύ āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“ Metaphysical poetry āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āĻāϟāĻŋāχ āĻļ⧇āώ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āύāϝāĻŧāĨ¤

āϐāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏāĻŋāĻ• āĻĻ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋāĻ­āĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋāϰ āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻž

āϜāύāϏāύ āĻŽā§‚āϞāϤ āĻ…āĻˇā§āϟāĻžāĻĻāĻļ āĻļāϤāϕ⧇āϰ Neoclassical āφāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϏāĻĒā§āϤāĻĻāĻļ āĻļāϤāϕ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāϚāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤āĻĢāϞ⧇ Metaphysical poetry āϝ⧇ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€āϝāĻŧ, āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ•, āĻŦ⧈āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύāĻŋāĻ• āĻ“ āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻŦ⧃āĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ, āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āϏ⧇āχ āϐāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§āϰ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻĒāϟāϕ⧇ āϝāĻĨ⧇āĻˇā§āϟ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻĻ⧇āύāύāĻŋāĨ¤āφāϰāĻ“ āϐāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏāĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϏāĻ‚āĻŦ⧇āĻĻāύāĻļā§€āϞ āĻĻ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋāĻ­āĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇ āĻšāϝāĻŧāϤ⧋ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻŦ⧁āĻāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāϤ⧇āύ āϕ⧇āύ Metaphysical poets āĻāϤ āϜāϟāĻŋāϞ āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ, āĻ•āĻ āĻŋāύ conceit āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻŦāϝāĻŧ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύāĨ¤

āĻĒāϰāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ⧇ Johnson-āĻāϰ āĻĒ⧁āύāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ

āĻĒāϰāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ āĻ•āϰ⧇ T. S. Eliot Metaphysical poets-āĻĻ⧇āϰ āφāϰāĻ“ āχāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϚāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤Eliot-āĻāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧇, Metaphysical poets-āĻāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛â€”āϤāĻžāρāϰāĻž thought āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ feeling āĻŦāĻž āϚāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻž āĻ“ āφāĻŦ⧇āĻ—āϕ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāϤ⧇āύāĨ¤āĻāχ āĻĻ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋāϕ⧋āĻŖ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ conceit āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāĻŽ intellectual trick āύāϝāĻŧ; āĻŦāϰāĻ‚ āϜāϟāĻŋāϞ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ⧀ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤āϤāĻŦ⧇ āĻāϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻāχ āύāϝāĻŧ āϝ⧇ Johnson-āĻāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻšā§€āύāĨ¤ āĻŦāϰāĻ‚ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϝāĻŧ āϝ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ-āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āϐāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏāĻŋāĻ• āĻĻ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋāĻ­āĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻāĻ•āχ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝāϕ⧇ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦāĨ¤Johnson Metaphysical poetry-āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§ƒāϤ āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āĻŦāϞāϤāĻž āϚāĻŋāĻšā§āύāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŦ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϕ⧇ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āωāĻĒāϞāĻŦā§āϧāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āύāύāĻŋāĨ¤

āωāĻĒāϏāĻ‚āĻšāĻžāϰ

āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ⧇ āĻŦāϞāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ, The Life of Cowley āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ biography āύāϝāĻŧ; āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻļāĻžāϞ⧀ piece of literary criticismāĨ¤āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ Johnson wit, conceit, universal human nature, clarity, emotion, poetic pleasure, morality āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ artistic discipline-āĻāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤Metaphysical poetry āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāϤ āĻŦāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŦā§āĻ¯â€”āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ “heterogeneous ideas”-āϕ⧇ “by violence” āĻāĻ•āĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϞ⧇āϛ⧇āĻ¨â€”āϤāĻžāρāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āϚāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻžāϰ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ“ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻšā§āĻ›āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāϝāĻŧ āĻĻ⧇āϝāĻŧāĨ¤āϤāĻžāρāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āϗ⧁āĻŖ āĻšāϞ⧋ clarity, balance, learning āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ moral seriousnessāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ āĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻ‚āϏāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύ, āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ conceit, intellectualism āĻ“ pedantry-āĻāϰāĻ“ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤āϤāĻŦ⧇ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻ•āĻ ā§‹āϰ Neoclassical āφāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļ āϤāĻžāρāϕ⧇ Metaphysical poetry-āĻāϰ āĻŽā§ŒāϞāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻž āĻ“ āφāĻŦ⧇āϗ⧇āϰ āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āϰāϤāĻž āĻĒ⧁āϰ⧋āĻĒ⧁āϰāĻŋ āωāĻĒāϞāĻŦā§āϧāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻžāϧāĻž āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻĒāϰāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāϕ⧇āϰāĻž, āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ āĻ•āϰ⧇ T. S. Eliot, āĻāχ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϰ āύāϤ⧁āύ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤āϏ⧁āϤāϰāĻžāĻ‚, The Life of Cowley āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ brilliant but historically conditioned work of literary criticismāĨ¤ Johnson āĻ•āĻžāωāϞāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž Metaphysical poets āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āĻļ⧇āώ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϞ⧇āύāύāĻŋ, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āϤāĻžāρāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧀, āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ-āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž, āύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāϚāĻžāϰ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ⧀ āĻ—āĻĻā§āϝāĻļ⧈āϞ⧀āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻŦāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ The Life of Cowley āĻ…āĻˇā§āϟāĻžāĻĻāĻļ āĻļāϤāϕ⧇āϰ āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ-āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŽāĻžāχāϞāĻĢāϞāĻ• āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤

04. Critically examine Johnson’s account of the metaphysical poetry in The Life of Cowley. ★★★

Samuel Johnson’s discussion of the metaphysical poets occurs in his famous essay The Life of Cowley. Although the essay is ostensibly a biography and critical assessment of Abraham Cowley, Johnson uses Cowley as a representative figure through whom he examines the larger poetic movement commonly associated with the seventeenth-century metaphysical poets. His account is one of the most influential pieces of literary criticism in English. It is remarkable for its wit, clarity, memorable formulations, and close attention to poetic technique. At the same time, Johnson’s judgement is shaped by the classical and neoclassical standards of his own age. He therefore strongly criticises the metaphysical poets for their excessive intellectualism, far-fetched conceits, irregularity, and lack of emotional and aesthetic harmony. Yet his criticism is not entirely dismissive: he recognizes their learning, ingenuity, originality, and genuine wit. Thus, Johnson’s account is best understood as a powerful but historically conditioned judgement.

The Distinctive Character of Metaphysical Poetry

Johnson begins by identifying the distinctive character of the metaphysical poets. According to him, these poets were united less by a common subject than by a particular manner of thinking and writing. They possessed an extraordinary fondness for intellectual ingenuity. They searched widely for materials for their poetry and were willing to draw comparisons from philosophy, science, religion, ordinary life, and the most unexpected areas of human experience. Their poetry therefore frequently brings together things that appear completely unrelated.

The Famous “Heterogeneous Ideas” Theory

Johnson’s most famous criticism of this practice is that they “yoked by violence together” the most heterogeneous ideas. The phrase is central to his theory of metaphysical poetry. By “heterogeneous ideas,” Johnson means ideas belonging to different categories or areas of experience. Instead of allowing a comparison to arise naturally from emotion or imagination, the metaphysical poet often deliberately discovers an unexpected intellectual relationship between two distant things. The result may be clever, but Johnson feels that it is frequently unnatural and forced.

Conceits and Intellectual Ingenuity

This criticism can be understood through the examples Johnson discusses. The metaphysical poets often transform ordinary emotional experiences into elaborate intellectual arguments. Love may become a disease, a medical problem, a chemical experiment, a journey, or a physical force. In the material supplied, Cowley compares the lover’s wound to a medical wound and asks his beloved to act like a physician. Elsewhere, love and the human heart are represented through the image of a hand grenade. Johnson considers such comparisons excessive because the intellectual ingenuity becomes more prominent than the emotion itself.

Novelty at the Expense of Decorum

Johnson also criticises the metaphysical poets for their tendency to prefer novelty above decorum. He observes that, because they sought novelty, they did not always ask whether their comparisons concerned things “high or low, elegant or gross.” In other words, they were willing to compare noble subjects with trivial or even unpleasant objects. This results in what Johnson regards as an unfortunate mixture of dignity and vulgarity. A poetic comparison should, in his view, be appropriate to the subject and should preserve a certain sense of decorum.

Disproportion and Absurdity in Conceits

The problem is therefore not simply that the metaphysical poets use unusual images. Johnson objects to the disproportion between the things compared. Their intellectual ambition often leads them to make the great resemble the small and the serious resemble the ridiculous. The examples from Cowley make this tendency particularly clear. A coal-pit can become comparable to the sun, a lover’s feelings can be explained through medical treatment, and a soul can be imagined as returning to a physical cage. Johnson regards some of these comparisons as “grossly absurd,” because the intellectual conceit has become more important than poetic naturalness.

Wit versus Feeling

Another important part of Johnson’s criticism concerns the relationship between thought and feeling. Johnson believes that poetry should not merely display intellectual cleverness; it should also affect the imagination and emotions. The metaphysical poets, however, frequently make poetry an exercise in wit and argument. Their poems often require the reader to follow a complicated chain of reasoning before appreciating the conclusion. Johnson therefore feels that their poetry appeals more strongly to the intellect than to the heart.

Johnson’s Recognition of Their Wit

This does not mean that Johnson considers them unintelligent or incapable of genuine poetry. On the contrary, their intellectual power is precisely what he admires. He recognizes their “powers of reflection and comparison” and their “genuine wit.” Their minds are active, learned, and inventive. They are capable of discovering relationships between distant ideas that ordinary writers would never notice. Their weakness, according to Johnson, is that they use this power without sufficient artistic restraint.

Cowley as the Chief Example

The case of Cowley illustrates this problem particularly well. Johnson acknowledges that Cowley possessed a mind “capacious by nature, and replenished by study.” He was extraordinarily learned and capable of producing new and striking thoughts. Yet Johnson repeatedly argues that Cowley lacks proper selection. He writes with “abundant fertility, but negligent or unskilful selection.” In other words, Cowley has too many ideas rather than too few, but he does not always know which ideas deserve poetic treatment. His poetry therefore contains passages of great brilliance alongside passages that appear trivial or absurd.

Careless Diction and the “Dress of Thought”

Johnson’s criticism of metaphysical poetry also extends to language and versification. He argues that Cowley’s diction is frequently careless and that he does not sufficiently understand the importance of the associations attached to words. Johnson famously compares language to the “dress of thought.” Just as noble thoughts can be degraded by unsuitable clothing, elevated ideas can lose their force when expressed in vulgar or inappropriate language. Poetry must therefore unite thought with appropriate diction.

Irregular Versification and Lack of Harmony

Johnson similarly complains about Cowley’s irregular versification. He finds many of his lines harsh to modern ears and criticises his use of different measures, awkward rhymes, contractions, and combinations of verse. This criticism reflects Johnson’s belief that poetry should possess musical order and formal discipline. He argues that the pleasure of verse depends partly upon a recognizable measure and structure. The metaphysical preference for intellectual freedom therefore appears to Johnson as a threat to poetic harmony.

Johnson’s Balanced Judgement

However, Johnson’s account should not be treated as a simple rejection of the metaphysical poets. One of its greatest strengths is that he recognizes their originality. He understands that they were not merely careless writers. They possessed enormous learning and intellectual energy. Their poetry is frequently surprising because their minds make connections that other poets would not attempt. Johnson admits that their thoughts can be “new” and “striking.” His criticism is directed not at intellectual poetry itself but at the lack of proportion and selection in its execution.

The Influence of Neoclassical Taste

Johnson’s judgement is also historically important because it reflects the neoclassical ideals of his period. He valued clarity, order, proportion, decorum, harmony, and controlled expression. From this standpoint, metaphysical poetry naturally appeared problematic. Its strange conceits, abrupt transitions, intellectual puzzles, mixtures of high and low imagery, and irregular rhythms violated many of the principles Johnson admired.

Limitations of Johnson’s Criticism

Yet from a modern perspective, Johnson’s criticism has limitations. He sometimes judges metaphysical poetry according to standards that do not fully account for its distinctive poetic method. What Johnson calls forced intellectual ingenuity may also be understood as an attempt to unite thought and emotion through surprising analogies. A conceit may initially appear strange but can reveal a deeper connection after reflection. Thus, the very feature Johnson regarded as a weakness can also be considered a source of metaphysical poetry’s originality.

T. S. Eliot’s Later Reassessment

Later criticism, especially that associated with T. S. Eliot, challenged the older judgement that metaphysical poetry was merely artificial and over-intellectual. Eliot valued the metaphysical poets precisely for their ability to combine intellectual thought with emotional experience. From this later perspective, Johnson underestimated the poetic value of the conceit because he approached it primarily through the standards of neoclassical taste.

The Lasting Value of Johnson’s Criticism

Nevertheless, Johnson’s criticism remains highly valuable. His account forces us to ask important questions about the nature of poetry: How far can intellectual ingenuity be pushed before it becomes artificial? What is the proper relationship between thought and feeling? Should poetry favour natural expression or surprising invention? How important are harmony, diction, and formal discipline? These questions make Johnson’s discussion much more than a personal attack on Cowley.

“Wit and Learning Unprofitably Squandered”

His assessment of Cowley is particularly balanced when he admits that “wit and learning” are “unprofitably squandered.” The word “unprofitably” is significant: Johnson does not deny the existence of wit or learning; rather, he argues that these qualities have not always been converted into successful poetry. Similarly, he acknowledges that Cowley sometimes produces lines of genuine grandeur and that some of his conceptions deserve admiration.

In conclusion, Johnson’s account of metaphysical poetry in The Life of Cowley is a brilliant, influential, and partly limited piece of criticism. He condemns the metaphysical poets for their excessive conceits, forced comparisons, intellectual extravagance, inappropriate diction, and irregular versification. His famous description of heterogeneous ideas being “yoked by violence together” captures his central objection: intellectual ingenuity must not destroy naturalness, proportion, and emotional effect. At the same time, Johnson recognizes the poets’ extraordinary learning, wit, originality, and intellectual power.His judgement is therefore not simply negative. He admires the very mental energy that he believes the poets sometimes misuse. His criticism reflects the neoclassical values of his age, whereas later critics have shown that metaphysical poetry can be appreciated for precisely those qualities Johnson found difficult to accept. Even so, Johnson’s essay remains indispensable because it provides a penetrating account of both the strengths and weaknesses of metaphysical poetry and established a critical vocabulary through which generations of readers have approached the movement.

04. The Life of Cowley-āĻ Metaphysical Poetry āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ Johnson-āĻāϰ āĻŽāϤāĻžāĻŽāϤ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋

Samuel Johnson-āĻāϰ The Life of Cowley āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧇āχ Metaphysical poets āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāϤ āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧāϟāĻŋ āĻŽā§‚āϞāϤ Abraham Cowley-āĻāϰ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧀ āĻ“ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻŋāĻ• āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ, Johnson Cowley-āϕ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ representative figure āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϏāĻĒā§āϤāĻĻāĻļ āĻļāϤāϕ⧇āϰ Metaphysical poets-āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŦ⧃āĻšāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ āĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§āϝāϧāĻžāϰāĻž āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤ āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ⧇āϰ criticism-āĻāϰ āχāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏ⧇ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāϤāĻŽ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻļāĻžāϞ⧀ āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāĨ¤Johnson-āĻāϰ āĻāχ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āϤāĻžāρāϰ wit, clarity, memorable expressions āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ poetic technique āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āϰ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻŦ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāϪ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĨ¤ āϤāĻŦ⧇ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϚāĻžāϰ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ classical āĻ“ neoclassical standards āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ Metaphysical poets-āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ intellectualism, far-fetched conceits, irregularity āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ emotional āĻ“ aesthetic harmony-āĻāϰ āĻ…āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ•āĻ ā§‹āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤ āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ āϤāĻžāρāĻĻ⧇āϰ learning, ingenuity, originality āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ genuine wit-āϕ⧇āĻ“ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ Johnson-āĻāϰ āĻŽāϤāĻžāĻŽāϤāϕ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ⧀ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻāĻ•āχ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ historically conditioned judgement āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āωāϚāĻŋāϤāĨ¤

The Distinctive Character of Metaphysical Poetry

Johnson āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽā§‡āχ Metaphysical poets-āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ āĻŦ⧈āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϝ āϚāĻŋāĻšā§āύāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧇, āĻāχ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϰāĻž āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻāĻ•āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāϤ āĻšāύāύāĻŋ; āĻŦāϰāĻ‚ āϤāĻžāρāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻŽāĻŋāϞ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ thinking āĻ“ writing-āĻāϰ manner-āĻāĨ¤āϤāĻžāρāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ intellectual ingenuity-āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āĻ…āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āφāĻ•āĻ°ā§āώāĻŖ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāρāϰāĻž philosophy, science, religion, ordinary life āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻļāĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϰ āωāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύ āϏāĻ‚āĻ—ā§āϰāĻš āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āϤāĻžāρāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧāϕ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϝ⧇āϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ unrelated āĻŦāϞ⧇ āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤

The Famous “Heterogeneous Ideas” Theory

Metaphysical poets-āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇ Johnson-āĻāϰ āϏāĻŦāĻšā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāϤ criticism āĻšāĻ˛ā§‹â€”āϤāĻžāρāϰāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ “heterogeneous ideas”-āϕ⧇ “yoked by violence together” āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤āĻāϟāĻŋ Johnson-āĻāϰ Metaphysical poetry-āϰ theory-āĻāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ⧀āϝāĻŧ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻžāĨ¤ Heterogeneous ideas āĻŦāϞāϤ⧇ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāύ āϏāĻŦ idea āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāύ, āϝ⧇āϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ category āĻŦāĻž experience-āĻāϰ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϤāĻ°ā§āϭ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĨ¤Metaphysical poet āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ emotion āĻŦāĻž imagination āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ comparison āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇ āχāĻšā§āĻ›āĻžāĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āĻĻā§‚āϰāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ intellectual relationship āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻĢāϞ⧇ comparison-āϟāĻŋ clever āĻŦāĻž ingenious āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ Johnson-āĻāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧇ āϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧāχ unnatural āĻ“ forced āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤

Conceits and Intellectual Ingenuity

Johnson-āĻāϰ āĻāχ criticism conceit-āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ Metaphysical poets āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ emotional experience-āϕ⧇ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ elaborate intellectual argument-āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŖāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ, love-āϕ⧇ āĻ•āĻ–āύ⧋ disease, medical problem, chemical experiment, journey āĻŦāĻž physical force āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āωāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ Cowley-āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϝāĻŧ lover-āĻāϰ wound-āϕ⧇ medical wound-āĻāϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇ beloved-āϕ⧇ physician-āĻāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āφāϚāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻ¤ā§āϰ love āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ human heart-āϕ⧇ hand grenade-āĻāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ unusual image-āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤Johnson-āĻāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧇, āĻ āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ comparison-āĻ intellectual ingenuity āĻāϤ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻĒāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϝ⧇ āĻŽā§‚āϞ emotion-āϟāĻŋ āφāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϞ⧇ āϚāϞ⧇ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤

Novelty at the Expense of Decorum

Johnson Metaphysical poets-āĻĻ⧇āϰ novelty-āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ āφāĻ•āĻ°ā§āώāĻŖ-āĻāϰāĻ“ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāρāϰāĻž āύāϤ⧁āύ āĻ“ āĻ…āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻļāĻŋāϤ comparison āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻ—āĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϏāĻŦ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āϤ⧇āύ āύāĻž āϝ⧇ comparison-āϟāĻŋ “high or low, elegant or gross” āĻ•āĻŋ āύāĻžāĨ¤āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž, āϤāĻžāρāϰāĻž noble āĻŦāĻž dignified āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ trivial āĻŦāĻž unpleasant āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰāĻ“ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻž āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇āύ āύāĻžāĨ¤ Johnson-āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϛ⧇ āĻāϟāĻŋ dignity āĻ“ vulgarity-āĻāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ unfortunate mixtureāĨ¤āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧇, āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ poetic comparison āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§āϝāχ subject-āĻāϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āωāĻĒāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ decorum āĻŦāĻž āϝāĻĨāĻžāϝāĻĨ āϰ⧁āϚāĻŋ āĻ“ āĻļā§‹āĻ­āύāϤāĻž āĻŦāϜāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž āωāϚāĻŋāϤāĨ¤

Disproportion and Absurdity in Conceits

āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻžāϟāĻŋ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ unusual imagery āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āύāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ Johnson āĻŽā§‚āϞāϤ comparison-āĻāϰ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ disproportion-āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤Metaphysical poets-āĻĻ⧇āϰ intellectual ambition āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĒ⧌āρāĻ›āĻžāϝāĻŧ āϝ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰāĻž great-āĻāϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ small āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ serious-āĻāϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ ridiculous āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤Cowley-āĻāϰ āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϤ⧇ āĻāχ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻŖāϤāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āϟāĨ¤ āϝ⧇āĻŽāĻ¨â€”āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ coal-pit-āϕ⧇ sun-āĻāϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž, lover-āĻāϰ feelings-āϕ⧇ medical treatment-āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž, āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž soul-āϕ⧇ physical cage-āĻ āĻĢāĻŋāϰ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤Johnson-āĻāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧇, āĻāϏāĻŦ comparison āĻ•āĻ–āύ⧋ “grossly absurd”, āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ poetic conceit-āϟāĻŋ natural poetic expression-āĻāϰ āĻšā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āωāϠ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤

Wit versus Feeling

Johnson-āĻāϰ criticism-āĻāϰ āφāϰ⧇āĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āĻšāϞ⧋ thought āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ feeling-āĻāϰ relationshipāĨ¤Johnson āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ, poetry āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ intellectual cleverness āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāύ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽ āύāϝāĻŧ; poetry-āϕ⧇ imagination āĻ“ emotion-āϕ⧇āĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ Metaphysical poets āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ poetry-āϕ⧇ wit āĻ“ argument-āĻāϰ exercise-āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŖāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāρāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻŦ⧁āĻāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻ•āϕ⧇ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϜāϟāĻŋāϞ chain of reasoning āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤āϤāĻžāχ Johnson-āĻāϰ āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āĻāχ poetry heart-āĻāϰ āĻšā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇ intellect-āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϛ⧇ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āφāĻŦ⧇āĻĻāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤

Johnson’s Recognition of Their Wit

āϤāĻŦ⧇ Johnson Metaphysical poets-āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻāϕ⧇āĻŦāĻžāϰ⧇ unintelligent āĻŦāĻž unpoetic āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāύāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻŦāϰāĻ‚ āϤāĻžāρāĻĻ⧇āϰ intellectual power-āχ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϤāĻžāρāϰ admiration-āĻāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖāĨ¤āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϤāĻžāρāĻĻ⧇āϰ “powers of reflection and comparison” āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ “genuine wit” āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāρāĻĻ⧇āϰ mind āĻ›āĻŋāϞ active, learned āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ inventiveāĨ¤āϤāĻžāρāϰāĻž āĻāĻŽāύ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āĻĻā§‚āϰāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀ idea-āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ relationship āφāĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāϤ⧇āύ, āϝāĻž āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāϤ⧋ āĻ•āĻ–āύ⧋ āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āϟāĻž āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇āύ āύāĻžāĨ¤Johnson-āĻāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧇, āϤāĻžāρāĻĻ⧇āϰ āφāϏāϞ weakness āĻšāĻ˛ā§‹â€”āϤāĻžāρāϰāĻž āĻāχ intellectual power āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇āĻ“ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰ āϝāĻĨ⧇āĻˇā§āϟ artistic restraint āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāύāĻŋāĨ¤

Cowley as the Chief Example

Cowley āĻāχ āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻžāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖāĨ¤ Johnson āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ āϝ⧇ Cowley-āĻāϰ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ “capacious” mind, āϝāĻž study-āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻĒā§āϰāϚ⧁āϰ āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āϏāĻŽā§ƒāĻĻā§āϧ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ learned āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āύāϤ⧁āύ āĻ“ striking thoughts āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāϤ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ Johnson āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻŦāϞ⧇āύ āϝ⧇ Cowley-āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ proper selection-āĻāϰ āĻ…āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ Cowley-āĻāϰ āϞ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϝāĻŧ “abundant fertility, but negligent or unskilful selection” āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāύāĨ¤āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž Cowley-āĻāϰ ideas-āĻāϰ āĻ…āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āύāĻž; āĻŦāϰāĻ‚ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϛ⧇ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ ideas āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āϕ⧋āύ idea poetic treatment-āĻāϰ āϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϕ⧋āύāϟāĻŋ āύāϝāĻŧ—āϤāĻž āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāϚāύ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āύāύāĻŋāĨ¤āĻĢāϞ⧇ āϤāĻžāρāϰ poetry-āϤ⧇ āĻāĻ•āĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇ āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ brilliant passages āφāϛ⧇, āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇ āϤ⧇āĻŽāύ trivial āĻŦāĻž absurd passages-āĻ“ āϰāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤

Careless Diction and the “Dress of Thought”

Johnson-āĻāϰ criticism āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ ideas āĻŦāĻž conceit-āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇āχ āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āϧ āύāϝāĻŧ; āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ language āĻ“ versification-āĻāϰāĻ“ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧇, Cowley-āĻāϰ diction āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ careless āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ words-āĻāϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ associations-āĻāϰ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϝāĻĨ⧇āĻˇā§āϟ āĻŦ⧁āĻāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āύāύāĻŋāĨ¤Johnson āĻŦāĻŋāĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāϤāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ language-āϕ⧇ “the dress of thought”-āĻāϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ āϏ⧁āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāϰ āĻĒā§‹āĻļāĻžāϕ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧇ inappropriate āĻĒā§‹āĻļāĻžāĻ• āĻĒāϰāĻžāϞ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ noble person-āĻāϰ āϏ⧌āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§āϝ āύāĻˇā§āϟ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇, āϤ⧇āĻŽāύāĻŋ unsuitable language āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇ elevated thought-āĻāϰ force-āĻ“ āύāĻˇā§āϟ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϝ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤āϤāĻžāχ poetry-āϤ⧇ thought-āĻāϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ appropriate diction-āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻŋāϞ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻ…āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āϜāϰ⧁āϰāĻŋāĨ¤

Irregular Versification and Lack of Harmony

Johnson Cowley-āĻāϰ irregular versification-āĻāϰāĻ“ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• line Johnson-āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϛ⧇ harsh āĻŦāϞ⧇ āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ different measures, awkward rhymes, contractions āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ verse combination-āĻāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ“ āφāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤āĻāϟāĻŋ Johnson-āĻāϰ āϏ⧇āχ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāϕ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϝ⧇ poetry-āϤ⧇ musical order āĻ“ formal discipline āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž āωāϚāĻŋāϤāĨ¤āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧇, verse-āĻāϰ pleasure āφāĻ‚āĻļāĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ recognizable measure āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ structure-āĻāϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ Metaphysical poets-āĻĻ⧇āϰ intellectual freedom-āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ āφāĻ—ā§āϰāĻš Johnson-āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϛ⧇ poetic harmony-āĻāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻŋāĻ•āϰ āĻŦāϞ⧇ āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤

Johnson’s Balanced Judgement

āϤāĻŦ⧇ Johnson-āĻāϰ account-āϕ⧇ Metaphysical poets-āĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ rejection āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āĻ āĻŋāĻ• āύāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāρāϰ criticism-āĻāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ strength āĻšāĻ˛ā§‹â€”āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϤāĻžāρāĻĻ⧇āϰ originality āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻŦ⧁āĻāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āύ āϝ⧇ āϤāĻžāρāϰāĻž simply careless writers āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāρāϰāĻž āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ highly learned āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ intellectually energeticāĨ¤āϤāĻžāρāĻĻ⧇āϰ poetry āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧāχ surprising, āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āϤāĻžāρāĻĻ⧇āϰ mind āĻāĻŽāύ āϏāĻŦ connection āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāϤ āϝāĻž āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϰāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āϟāĻž āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇āύ āύāĻžāĨ¤Johnson āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ āϝ⧇ āϤāĻžāρāĻĻ⧇āϰ thoughts “new” āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ “striking” āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž Johnson intellectual poetry-āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāύāĻŋ; āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻŽā§‚āϞāϤ āĻāϰ execution-āĻ proportion āĻ“ proper selection-āĻāϰ āĻ…āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤

The Influence of Neoclassical Taste

Johnson-āĻāϰ judgement āϐāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏāĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇āĻ“ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ, āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāϟāĻŋ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ Neoclassical ideals-āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻĢāϞāύāĨ¤āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ clarity, order, proportion, decorum, harmony āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ controlled expression-āϕ⧇ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝ āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧇āύāĨ¤āĻāχ āĻĻ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋāϕ⧋āĻŖ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ Metaphysical poetry āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇āχ problematic āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāϰ strange conceits, abrupt transitions, intellectual puzzles, high āĻ“ low imagery-āĻāϰ mixture āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ irregular rhythms Johnson-āĻāϰ āĻĒāĻ›āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• literary principle-āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤

Limitations of Johnson’s Criticism

āϤāĻŦ⧇ āφāϧ⧁āύāĻŋāĻ• āĻĻ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋāϕ⧋āĻŖ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ Johnson-āĻāϰ criticism-āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ limitation āϰāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ–āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻ–āύ⧋ Metaphysical poetry-āϕ⧇ āĻāĻŽāύ standards āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāϚāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύ, āϝāĻž āĻāχ poetry-āϰ āύāĻŋāϜāĻ¸ā§āĻŦ poetic method-āϕ⧇ āĻĒ⧁āϰ⧋āĻĒ⧁āϰāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤Johnson āϝ⧇āϟāĻŋāϕ⧇ forced intellectual ingenuity āĻŦāϞ⧇āϛ⧇āύ, āϏ⧇āϟāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ—āĻāϟāĻŋ thought āĻ“ emotion-āϕ⧇ surprising analogy-āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ āĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§āϝāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋāĨ¤āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ conceit āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽā§‡ strange āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϚāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻž āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ meaningful connection āĻĒāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āϝ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤āϤāĻžāχ Johnson āϝ⧇ āĻŦ⧈āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϝāϕ⧇ weakness āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āϖ⧇āϛ⧇āύ, āϏ⧇āϟāĻŋāχ āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ Metaphysical poetry-āϰ originality-āĻāϰ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāϤāĻŽ āĻ‰ā§ŽāϏ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇āĻ“ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤

T. S. Eliot’s Later Reassessment

āĻĒāϰāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀ literary criticism, āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ āĻ•āϰ⧇ T. S. Eliot-āĻāϰ criticism, Metaphysical poetry-āϕ⧇ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ artificial āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ over-intellectual āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϰ āĻĒ⧁āϰ⧋āύ⧋ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻžāϕ⧇ challenge āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤Eliot Metaphysical poets-āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āύ āϤāĻžāρāĻĻ⧇āϰ intellectual thought āĻ“ emotional experience-āϕ⧇ āĻāĻ•āĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝāĨ¤āĻāχ later perspective āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āϞ⧇, Johnson conceit-āĻāϰ poetic value āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁āϟāĻž underestimate āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ, āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻŽā§‚āϞāϤ Neoclassical taste-āĻāϰ standards āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϏ⧇āϟāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāϚāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύāĨ¤

The Lasting Value of Johnson’s Criticism

āϤāĻžāϰāĻĒāϰāĻ“ Johnson-āĻāϰ criticism āĻ…āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ valuable āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ influentialāĨ¤āϤāĻžāρāϰ discussion āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ poetry āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻļ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϝāĻŧ:

  • Intellectual ingenuity āĻ•āϤāĻĻā§‚āϰ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āϝāĻžāϤ⧇ āϤāĻž artificial āύāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ?
  • Thought āĻ“ feeling-āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ proper relationship āϕ⧀?
  • Poetry āĻ•āĻŋ natural expression-āϕ⧇ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻĻ⧇āĻŦ⧇, āύāĻžāĻ•āĻŋ surprising invention-āϕ⧇?
  • Harmony, diction āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ formal discipline poetry-āϤ⧇ āĻ•āϤāϟāĻž āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ?

āĻāχ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āχ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϝ⧇ Johnson-āĻāϰ discussion āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ Cowley-āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇ personal attack āύāϝāĻŧ; āĻāϟāĻŋ poetry-āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋ āĻ“ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āϰ literary criticismāĨ¤

“Wit and Learning Unprofitably Squandered”

Cowley āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ Johnson-āĻāϰ judgement āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ balanced āϝāĻ–āύ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻŦāϞ⧇āύ āϝ⧇ “wit and learning” āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ “unprofitably squandered” āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ “unprofitably” āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĨ¤ Johnson wit āĻŦāĻž learning-āĻāϰ āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϛ⧇āύ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ āĻŦāϞāϛ⧇āύ āϝ⧇ āĻāχ qualities āϏāĻŦ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ successful poetry-āϤ⧇ āϰ⧂āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāϰāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋāĨ¤āĻāĻ•āχāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇, āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ āϝ⧇ Cowley āĻ•āĻ–āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻ–āύ⧋ genuine grandeur āϏ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ concept admiration-āĻāϰ āϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝāĨ¤

āϏ⧁āϤāϰāĻžāĻ‚, The Life of Cowley-āĻ Metaphysical poetry āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ Johnson-āĻāϰ account āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ brilliant, influential, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āφāĻ‚āĻļāĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ limited piece of criticismāĨ¤āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ Metaphysical poets-āĻĻ⧇āϰ excessive conceits, forced comparisons, intellectual extravagance, inappropriate diction āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ irregular versification-āĻāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāϤ description—heterogeneous ideas being “yoked by violence together”—āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻŽā§‚āϞ objection-āϟāĻŋāϕ⧇ āϖ⧁āĻŦ āϏ⧁āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧇, intellectual ingenuity āĻ•āĻ–āύ⧋āχ naturalness, proportion āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ emotional effect-āϕ⧇ āύāĻˇā§āϟ āĻ•āϰāĻž āωāϚāĻŋāϤ āύāϝāĻŧāĨ¤āϤāĻŦ⧇ āĻāĻ•āχ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ Johnson āϤāĻžāρāĻĻ⧇āϰ extraordinary learning, wit, originality āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ intellectual power-āĻāϰāĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻ‚āϏāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ āϤāĻžāρāϰ judgement āĻāϕ⧇āĻŦāĻžāϰ⧇ negative āύāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϝ⧇ mental energy-āϕ⧇ admire āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ, āϏ⧇āχ energy-āχ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϰāĻž āĻ•āĻ–āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻ–āύ⧋ āϭ⧁āϞāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύ āĻŦāϞ⧇ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤Johnson-āĻāϰ criticism āϤāĻžāρāϰ āϝ⧁āϗ⧇āϰ Neoclassical values āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻĒāϰāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀ critics, āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ āĻ•āϰ⧇ T. S. Eliot, āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āύ āϝ⧇ Metaphysical poetry-āϕ⧇ āϏ⧇āχ unusual qualities-āĻāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝāĻ“ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āϝ⧇āϗ⧁āϞ⧋ Johnson-āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϛ⧇ āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻžāϜāύāĻ• āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤āϤāĻŦ⧁āĻ“ Johnson-āĻāϰ essay āφāϜāĻ“ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ, āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāϟāĻŋ Metaphysical poetry-āϰ strengths āĻ“ weaknesses āωāĻ­āϝāĻŧ⧇āϰāχ āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒāϰāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀ āĻĒā§āϰāϜāĻ¨ā§āĻŽā§‡āϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻ•āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻāχ poetic movement-āϕ⧇ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ critical vocabulary āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤

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